A  DRILL  BOOR 


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ENGLISH 


Allyn  ^i>  Bacon 


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*^'"-^^A  drill    book    in 


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Southern  Branch 
of  the 

University  of  California 

Los  Angeles 

Form  L  1 

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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  belov 

OCT  4  -  192e 


OCT  2  0  1928 


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JUL  2      \^ 


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OCT  1  0  193^ 

MAR  10  1947 

Form  Ii-9-5»i-7,'23 


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DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH 


'OF 


08    AXr^...        ^^^^Uj(iV] 


A  'Nrri^ 


COMPILED    BY 

GEORGE   E.    GAY 


"  Let  the  Master,  at  the  first,  lead 
and  teach  his  Scholer,  to  ioyne  the 
Rewles  of  his  Grammer  booke,  with 
the  examples  of  his  present  lesson, 
vntill  the  Scholer,  by  him  selfe,  be 
hable  to  fetch  out  of  his  Grammer, 
eiieric  Rewle,  for  euerie  Example." 
—  AsCHAM. 

"  The  whole  gist  of  riietorical  teach- 
ing, is  to  awaken  the  minds  of  the 
pupils  to  the  sense  of  good  and  evil 
in  composition." — Bain. 


23oston 

ALLYN    AND    BACON 
1893 


Copyright,  1891, 
By  GEORGE   E.   GAY. 


Typography  by  J.  8.  Gushing  &  Co.,  Boston. 
Presswork  by  BERwrrK  Jt  Smith,  Boston. 


p  5 

\\\  \ 

PREFACE. 


The  teacher  who  has  decided  on  a  priori  grounds  that 
bad  forms  of  English  should  never  be  presented  to  a  pupil 
for  his  consideration,  will  not  examine  this  book.  The 
author,  accordingly,  addresses  himself  to  those  teachers 
who  recognize  the  fact  that  their  pupils  use  many  incorrect 
forms  of  expression,  in  both  spoken  and  written  English, 
and  who  have  learned,  by  long  experience,  that  the  only 
way  to  make  the  vices  of  language  hateful  is  to  place  them 
side  by  side  with  their  contrasting  virtues. 

This  book  is  designed  for  the  use  of  pupils  that  have 
previously  learned  the  substance  of  the  rules  which  it  con- 
tains. It  does  not  aim  to  give  all  the  principles  of  the 
English  tongue,  but  it  is  believed  that  it  contains  those 
which  are  most  frequently  violated. 

It  is  not  supposed  that  any  class  will  complete  the  entire 
book  in  course.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  hoped  that  the 
teacher  will  not  need  to  go  outside  of  the  book  for  all 
needed  illustrations  of  common  errors  of  speech. 

The  author  hesitated  whether  to  admit  incorrect  forms 
in  spelling,  for  he  realizes  the  difference  between  errors 
that  are  the  violation  of  well-established  principles  and 
errors  that  sin  against  arbitrary  usage.     In  his  hesitation, 

iii 


iv  PREFACE. 

he  appealed  to  his  own  ehisses,  and  the  zeal  and  protit  with 
which  they  corrected  misspelled  words  decided  the  ques- 
tion in  favor  of  admitting  errors  of  this  kind. 

The  method  in  which  the  book  shall  be  used  will  natu- 
rally vary  in  different  schools,  according  to  the  advance- 
ment of  the  pupils,  and  the  time  devoted  to  this  kind  of 
work.  The  author  has  pursued  the  following  plan  with 
good  success : — 

The  rules,  etc.,  on  one  subject  are  reviewed  and  illus- 
trated till  all  the  pupils  understand  their  ai^plication. 
Then  the  exercises  assigned  for  a  lesson  are  studied  "out 
of  class,"  and  corrected  "  in  class "  under  the  eye  of  the 
teacher.  When  the  corrections  have  been  made,  the  errors 
are  discussed,  and  the  reasons  for  the  corrections  made  are 
formally  stated. 

As  several  grammatical  terms  are  used  with  various 
meanings  in  different  text-books,  the  following  definitions 
are  given,  in  order  to  show  in  what  sense  they  are  to  be 
understood  in  this  book. 

A  sentence  is  u  collection  of  words  that  expresses  a  com- 
plete thought. 

A  proposition  is  a  collection  of  related  Avords  containing 
a  subject  and  predicate.  It  may  be  a  whole  sentence  or 
a  part  of  one. 

An  independent  proposition  is  a  proposition  that  does  not 
fulfil  the  office  of  a  noun,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb. 

A  dependent  proposition  is  a  proposition  that  fulfils  the 
office  of  a  ncnin,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb. 

A  clause  is  a  dependent  proposition. 

A  compound  sentence  is  a  sentence  that  contains  two 
independent  propositions. 


PREFACE.  V 

A  member  of  a  compound  sentence  is  one  of  its  inde- 
pendent propositions. 

A  complex  sentence  is  a  sentence  that  contains  one  inde- 
pendent proposition,  and  one  or  more  clauses. 

Special  acknowledgments  are  due  to  Bigeloiv's  Handbook 
of  Punctuation,  Morris  and  Botven^s  English  Grammar  Exer- 
cises, and  Longmans''  School  Composition. 

Malden,  Sept.  1,  1891. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/drillbookinengliOOgayg 


DRILL   BOOK   IN   ENGLISH. 


oJ*tc 


CHAPTER   I. 

EXPLANATION   OF   MARGINAL   MARKS    USED    IN 
CORRECTING   ERRORS. 

5       dele,  take  out. 

^-^    under  a  space  indicates  that  the  space  between  the  words  so 

marked  should  be  reduced. 
V     indicates  the  same. 

'~~    over  and  under  a  space  indicates  that  there  should  be  no  space. 
Jf     indicates  that  a  space  is  required. 
X     indicates  a  poor  type. 
_L     indicates  that  a  "  space  "  stands  up  and  makes  an  impression.    A 

curved  line  is  put  under  the  space  mark. 
under  words  or  letters  indicates  that  they  should  stand  as  printed. 

Stet  is  placed  in  the  margin, 
n      indicates  that  a  line  should  be  indented. 
[      indicates  that  a  word  or  line  is  to  be  moved  to  the  left  to  the  line 

of  the  face  of  the  bracket.     Reversed,  it  means  move  to  the 

right. 
1      indicates  that  a  new  paragraph  should  be  made. 
tr.     indicates  that  the  letters  or  words  which  are  marked  should  be 

transposed. 
Qy.  or  9  indicates  a  question  as  to  the  propriety  of  spelling  or  use  of 

language.    The  suggested  change  is  written  in  the  margin. 
I.e.  indicates  that  the  marked  letters  ought  to  be  in  "lower  case,"  or 

small  lettei-s. 
One  line  under  a  word  signifies  Italics;  two,  small  capitals  ; 

three,  LARGE  CAPITALS.     A  wavy  line  indicates  heavy- 
face  type. 
Corrections  .should  appear  in  the  order  of  the  errors, 
indicates  that  the  letter  is  upside  down, 
re./,  indicates  that  the  letter  used  belongs  to  a  font  of  type  different 

from  that  used  in  the  rest  of  the  page. 

1 


9 


BBILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLIHH. 


a/id 


^ct /  Though  sever«^I  differing  opinions  exist  as  to 
/the  individual  by  w/om  the  art  of  printing  was   'v 
first  discovered;    yet  all  authorities  concur  in 
admitting    Peter  Schoeffer   to  be  the  person ' 
who  invented  cast  metal  types,  having  learned 
^    the  art  -ef  of  cutting  the  letters  from  the  Gu- 
'-\\  tenbergs/  he   is  also  supposed   to  have  been 
*;^   the  first  whoengraved  on  copper  plates.    The  ^  /-/ 
following  testimony  is  preseved  in  the  family,  '^  ^i 
'  /  by '  'jo.  l^Fred.  I^Faustus,  ^^of  J^Ascheffenburg : 
lor-j  /\'  Peter    Schoeffer,    of    Gernsheim,    perceiving  ^^^^^ 
'■\y   his  master  Fausts  design,  and  being  himself 
"^  /^desirous  ^  ardently]  to  improve  the  art,  found 
out    (by    the    good    providence  of  God)    the 
method  of   cutting  {iacideHdi)   the  characters    ^f^^- 
in  a  matrix,  that  the  letters  might  easily  be 
^■>l   singly   cast/  instead   of   bieng   cut.      He    pri- "^. 
Mj    vateiy   cut  matrices,  for   the   whole   alphabet: 
Faust   was  so  pleased   with    tlie  contrivanc 
■"^i^^X  he  promised  P'eter  to  give  him  hjg^nly  ''■2^ 
'*  "  daughter    Christina    in    marriage,^ar   promise  3  /^    / 
which  he  soon  after  performed.  y<^ 
''^^/    '^  But    there    were    manvXnfficulties  at    first    ^^<^ "I 

with   these  letters,  asy4:nere  had   been  before  ^^^o9n 
^        with  wooden   on(^^the  metal  being  too  soft  ^  /^    / 
to  support  tli^^orce  of  the  im  pression :   but  ='  -'^ 
this    defecr  was    soon    remedied,    by    mixing 
a  sutjgtance  with  the  metal  which  sufficiently    ^. 
;  Q  haf^ened  it/ 

.  a^o(  ^c/^■e?^  ne  duott^ec/  Ac's  mad^&i  ^e 
ce^^eid  cai^  /lo9?i  ^Ae^e  9/ia^U'cedj 


EXPLANATION   OF  MARCflNAL  MARKS. 

Though  several  diftering  opinions  exist  as  to 
the  individual  by  whom  the  art  of  printing  was 
first  discovered ;  yet  all  authorities  concur  in 
admitting  PETER  SCHOEFFER  to  be  the 
person  who  invented  casi  metal  types,  having 
learned  the  art  of  citttiftg  the  letters  from  the 
Gutenbergs :  he  is  also  supposed  to  have  been 
the  first  who  engraved  on  copper-plates.  The 
following  testimony  is  preserved  in  the  family, 
by  Jo.  Fred.  Fanstus,  of  AschefTenburg : 

'Peter  Schoeffer,  of  Gernsheim,  perceiv- 
ing his  master  Faust's  design,  and  being  him- 
self ardently  desirous  to  improve  the  art,  found 
out  (by  the  good  providence  of  God)  the 
method  of  cutting  {incidendi)  the  characters 
in  a  jnatrix,  that  the  letters  might  easily  be 
singly  cast,  instead  of  being  cut.  He  privately 
cut  Matrices  for  the  whole  alphabet :  and  when 
he  showed  his  master  the  letters  cast  from 
these  matrices,  Faust  was  so  pleased  with  the 
contrivance,  that  he  promised  Peter  to  give 
him  his  only  daughter  CJiristina  in  marriage,  a 
promise  which  he  soon  after  performed.  But 
there  were  as  many  difficulties  at  first  with  these 
letters,  as  there  had  been  before  with  wooden 
ones,  the  metal  being  too  soft  to  support  the 
force  of  the  impression :  but  this  defect  was 
soon  remedied,  by  mixing  the  metal  with  a 
substance  which  sufficiently  hardened  it. 


Note.  —  The  proof-sheet  on  the  opposite  page  is  from  "  The  American  Printer,"  by 
Thomas  MacKellar. 


4  Dili  LI.    BOOK   IX   EXaiTSH. 

What  preacher  need  moralize  on  tliis  story;  what  words 
save  the  simplest  are  reipiisite  to  tell  it  ?  It  is  too  terrible 
for  tears.  The  thought  of  such  a  misery  smites  nie  down 
in  submission  before  the  Ruler  of  kings  and  men,  the 
Monarch  Huprenie  over  emi)ires  and  republics,  the  inscru- 
table Dispenser  of  life,  death,  happiness,  victory.  O  com- 
rades !  enemies  no  more,  let  us  take  a  mournful  hand 
together  as  we  stand  by  this  royal  corpse,  and  call  a  truce 
to  battle !  Low  he  lies  to  wliom  the  proudest  used  to  kneel 
once,  and  who  was  cast  lower  than  the  poorest ;  dead,  whom 
millions  prayed  for  in  vain.  Driven  off  his  throne  ;  buffeted 
by  rude  hands;  with  his  children  in  revolt;  the  darling  of 
his  old  age  killed  before  him  untimely  ;  our  Lear  hangs 
over  her  breathless  lips  and  cries,  "  Cordelia,  Cordelia,  stay 
a  little  !  " 

Kxercise   1 . 

Indicate  the  jjvoper  coi-rections  in  tlie  following  2')roof :  — 

what  preeacher  need  moralise  on  this  story? 
What  worps  save  the  simplest  are  requisite  to 
tellit?  It  is  too  terible  for  tears,  the  thought  of 
such  misery  siiiits  niedowii  in  surniission  before 
thej'uler  of  Kings  man,  the  monarcli  Supreme 
over  over  empires  and  republics,  the  inscrutable 
Uispenier  of  life  death"and  Victory  Oh  com 
rades,  enemies  no  more,  let  us  take  a  mhurnful 
hand  togethe."as  we  stand  by  this  royal  coryse, 
and  call  a  truce  to  battle  !  Low  lies  he  to  w7tom 
the  proudest  Msed  to  kueeel  once,  and  wlio  wor 
cast  lower'than  the  poorest:  Dead  wlioin  mil- 
lions preyed  for  i  vain, 
i  Driven  of  his  throan,  buffetted  by  rude  liands, 

withe  his  children  in  revolt,  the  darling  of  his 
old  age  killed  befon>  him"  untimely :  our  Leah 
hanges  over  her  witli  breathless  lips  and  cries, 
Cordelia,  Cardelia,  Stay  a  Little! 


DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH.  5 

On  one  occasion,  in  the  public  discharge  of  his  functions 
as  corrector  of  manners,  Augustus  had  brought  a  specific 
charge  against  a  certain  knight  for  having  squandered  his 
patrimony.  The  accused  proved  that  he  had,  on  the  con- 
trary, augmented  it.  "■  Well,"  answered  the  emperor,  some- 
what annoyed  by  his  error,  "but  you  are  at  all  events  living 
in  celibacy  contrary  to  recent  enactments."  The  other  was 
able  to  reply  that  he  was  married,  and  was  the  father  of 
three  children ;  and  when  the  emperor  signified  that  he  had 
no  further  charge  to  bring,  added  aloud,  "  Another  time, 
Caesar,  when  you  give  ear  to  informations  against  honest 
men,  take  care  that  your  informants  are  honest  themselves." 
Augustus  felt  the  justice  of  the  rebuke  thus  publicly  admin- 
istered, and  submitted  to  it  in  silence. 

Exercise  2. 

Indicate  the  j)roper  corrections  in  the  foUoiving :  — 

On  one  ocasion  in  the  public  discharge  of  his 
funcion  as  corector  of  manners  ;  Augustus  had 
brought  specific  charges  against  a  certain  night 
for  haveing  squandered  his  patrimoney.  The 
accused  proved  that  he  on  the  contry  had  aug- 
mented it.  Well,  "  answered  the  Emperor," 
somewhat  annoied  by  his  error,  but  you  are  at 
all  events  living  in  cellibacy  contrary  to  recent 
enactniants  "  The  otherwas  able  to  reply  that 
he  was  married  and  was  the  father  of  three  chil- 
dren, When  the  Emperor  signified  that  he  had 
no  farther  cliarge  to  bring,  he  added  allowed, 
"  Another  time,  Caisar,  when  you  give  ear  to 
informations  against  honest  men  take  cair  that 
youre  informants  are  themselves  honest.  Augus- 
tus felt  the  justice  of  the  rebuke  thus  publicly 
administered,  and  submited  to  it  in  silense. 


DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 


CHAPTER   II. 

RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 

1.  Derivatives  from  words  ending  in  c,  formed  by 
adding  a  termination  beginning  with  t-,  ?,  or  ?/,  insert  k 
after  the  c ;  as,  trafficked,,  mimicking. 

2.  Derivatives  formed  by  adding  a  termination  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel,  to  monos^-lhibles  and  words  accented 
on  the  last  syllable  that  end  in  a  single  consonant  (not 
h  or  .t)  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  double  the  conso- 
nant ;  as,  planned.,  regretted. 

Exception.  — Most  derivative.s  of  gas,  and  derivatives  wliicb  throw 
the  accent  back  ;  as,  yaseons,  preference. 

3.  Derivatives  of  words  ending  in  a  single  consonant 
and  accented  on  some  other  syllable  than  the  last,  are 
spelled  differently  by  different  lexicographers ;  as,  can- 
celled or  canceled.,  equalled  or  equaled,  traveller,  travel- 
ling, travelled  or  traveler,  traveling,  traveled. 

4.  Derivatives  formed  by  adding  a  termination  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel  to  words  ending  in  silent  e  usually 
drop  the  e ;  as,  rining,  noticing. 

Exception.  —  The  e  is  retained  in  a  few  words  whose  pronunciation 
seems  to  require  it,  and  in  a  few  whicli  otherwise  miglit  be  mistaken 
for  other  words ;  as,  hoeing,  shoeimj,  toeim/,  singeing,  dyeing,  etc. 

5.  Derivatives  formed  by  adding  the  termination  ing 
to  words  ending  in  ie  drop  the  e,  and  change  i  to  y  \  as, 
dging,  Iging. 


RULES  FOR    SPELLING.  7 

6.  Derivatives  formed  by  adding  terminations  not 
beginning  with  i  to  polysyllables  ending  in  y,  change 
1/  to  i;  as,  rectified.,  qualifier. 

7.  Verbs  ending  in  e,  drop  the  e  on  adding  ed;  as, 
stated.,  rated. 

8.  A  few  derivatives  from  all  and  ivell  drop  one  I ; 
as,  almif/hti/,  welcome. 

9.  Compounds  of  mass  drop  one  s ;  as,  Christ7nas, 
candlemas. 

10.  Compounds  whose  last  part  is  the  adjective  fidl 
drop  one  I;  as,  hateful. 

11.  Whenever  in  derivatives  the  same  letter  would 
otherwise  occur  three  times  in  succession,  one  letter  is 
dropped  ;  as,  freer,  fully.  (Before  the  termination  less 
two  Ts  may  be  retained  and  a  hyphen  inserted;  as, 
skill-less.^ 

12.  Plurals  are  formed  by  adding  s  to  the  singular, 
when  they  can  be  pronounced  readily  in  this  form ; 
otherwise  they  add  es,  which  forms  an  additional  sylla- 
ble ;  as,  days,  distresses. 

Exceptions. —  Echo,  carr/o,  embargo,  motto,  and  potato  add  es. 
Letters,  figures,  and  characters  add  an  apostrophe  and  s  to  form  their 
plural.  Nouns  ending  in  tj  preceded  by  a  consonant,  change  y  to  i  and 
add  es.  Many  other  exceptions  occur,  especially  in  words  adapted 
from  other  languages  ;  as,  5's,  cities,  strata. 

13.  In  other  cases,  derivatives  and  compounds  are 
usually  formed  without  change  of  the  primitive ;  as, 
befall,  ivindmill. 

14.  When  a  word  is  divided  at  the  end  of  a  line,  the 
division  must  be  made  between  two  syllables.  Mono- 
syllables, therefore,  can  never  be  divided. 


DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

Exercise   1. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  follow  in  o .-  — 

A  PALACE  IN  A  VALLEY. 

Ye  who  listen  with  credulity  to  the  whisper 
of  fancie,  and  persue  with  egerness  the  phan- 
toms of  hope ;  who  expect  that  age  wiil  perform 
the  promisis  of  youth,  and  that  the  deficiencyes 
of  the  present  day  will  be  supplyed  by  the 
morrow ;  attend  to  the  history  of  Rasselas,  Pri- 
nce of  Abysinia. 

Rasselas  was  the  fourth  son  of  the  mighty 
emperor  in  whoes  dominions  the  Father  of 
Waters  begins  his  course  ;  whose  bounty  poures 
down  the  streams  of  plenty,  and  scatters  over 
half  the  world  the  harvests  of  Egipt. 

According  to  the  custum  which  has  desended 
from  age  to  age  among  the  monarchs  of  the 
torid  zone,  Rasselas  was  confinned  in  a  private 
pallace,  with  the  other  sons  and  daughters  of 
Abyssinyan  royality,  till  the  order  of  succesion 
should  call  him  to  the  throne. 

The  place  which  the  wisdom  or  policie  of  an- 
tiquity hah  destined  for  the  residense  of  the 
Abyssinian  princes  was  a  spaceious  valley  in  the 
kingdom  of  Amhara,  surounded  on  every  side 
by  mountians,  of  which  the  suraits  overhang  the 
middle  part.  The  only  pasage  by  wliicli  it  cou- 
ld be  enterd  was  a  cavvern  that  passed  under  a 
rock,  of  whitch  it  has  long  beon  disputed  wether 
it  was  the  work  of  nature  or  of  human  industery. 
The  outlett  of  the  cavern  was  consealed  by  a 
thick  wood,  and  the  mouth  which  opened  into 
the  vally  was  closed  with  gates  of  iron,  forged 
by  the  artifficers  of  ancient  days,  so  massey  that 
no  man  could  withouth  the  help  of  engines  open 
or  shut  them. 


BULES  FOR   SPELLING. 

Exercise  2. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  following :  — 

THE  DISCONTENT  OF  RASSELAS. 

Here  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Abysinia 
lived  only  to  know  the  soft  visissitudes  of  ple- 
asure and  repose,  attended  by  all  that  were  skil- 
ful to  delight,  and  gratified  with  whatever  the 
senses  can  enjoy.  They  wandered  in  gardens  of 
fragrance,  and  sleeped  in  the  fortreses  of  security. 
Every  art  was  practiced  to  make  them  pleased 
with  their  own  condition.  The  sages  who  in- 
structed them  told  them  of  nothing  but  the 
niiserys  of  publick  life,  and  described  all  bey- 
ond the  mountains  as  regiouns  of  calamity, 
where  discord  was  always  rageing,  and  where 
man  preyd  upon  man. 

To  highten  their  opinion  of  their  own  felisity, 
they  were  daily  entertained  with  songs,  the  sub- 
ject of  which  was  the  happey  valhj.  Their  ape- 
tites  were  excited  by  frequent  enumerations  of 
diferent  enjoyments,  and  revelery  and  merryment 
was  the  buisness  of  every  hour  from  the  daun  of 
morning  to  the  close  of  even. 

These  methods  were  generally  successfull; 
few  of  the  princes  had  ever  wished  to  enlarge 
their  bounds,  but  past  their  lives  in  full  convic- 
tion that  they  had  all  within  their  reach  that 
art  or  nature  could  bestow,  and  pittied  thoes 
whom  fate  had  exkluded  from  this  seat  of  tran- 
quility, as  the  sport  of  chance  and  the  slave  of 
misery. 

Thus  they  rose  in  the  morning  and  laid  down 
at  night,  pleased  with  each  other  and  with  them- 
selves,—  all  but  Raselas,  who  in  the  twenty- 
second  year  of  his  age  begun  to  withdraw  hina- 
self  from  their  pastimes  and  assemblys, 


10  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

Exercise  3. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  following :  — 

A  SPIDER  IN  DIFFICULTY. 

Now,  then,  in  peacefull  possession  of  what  was 
justley  its  own,  it  waited  three  days  with  the 
utmost  inipacience,  repairing  the  breeches  of  its 
webb,  and  taking  no  sustainance  that  I  could 
percieve.  At  last,  however,  a  large  blue  fly  fell 
into  the  snare,  and  struggled  hard  to  get  lose. 
The  spider  gave  it  leave  to  entangle  itself  as  much 
as  posible,  but  it  seemed  to  be  too  strong  for  the 
cob-web.  I  nmst  own  I  was  greatly  surprised 
when  I  saw  the  spider  immediately  saly  out,  and 
in  less  than  a  minute  weave  a  net  round  its  capt- 
ive, by  which  the  motion  of  its  wings  was 
stoped,  and  when  it  was  fairly  hampered  in  this 
manner,  it  was  siezed  and  draged  into  the  hole. 

In  this  mander  it  lived,  in  a  precaryous  state, 
and  nature  seemed  to  have  fited  it  for  such  a 
life ;  for  upon  a  single  fly  it  subsisted  for  more 
than  a  weak.  I  once  put  a  wasp  into  the  net, 
but  when  the  spider  came  out  in  order  to  seize 
it  as  usual,  ujion  percieving  what  kind  of  an 
enemy  it  had  to  deal  with,  it  instantly  broke  all 
the  bands  that  held  it  fast,  and  contribeted  all 
that  lay  in  its  power  to  disengage  so  formidable 
an  antigonist.  When  the  wasp  was  at  liberty, 
I  exspected  the  spider  would  have  sat  about 
repairing  the  breaches  that  were  made  in  its 
net ;  but  those,  it  seems,  were  ireperable,  where- 
fore the  cobweb  was  now  entirely  forsaken,  and 
new  one  began,  which  was  completed  in  the 
usual  time. 

I  had  now  a  mind  to  try  how  meny  cobwebs 
a  single  spider  could  furnish ;  wherefore  I  des- 
troied  this,  and  the  insect  set  about  another. 


CAPITALIZATION.  11 


CHAPTER  III. 

capitalization. 

Rules  for  the  Use  of  Capitals. 

1.  Every  sentence,  every  line  of  poetry,  and  every 
direct  quotation  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

2.  The  pronoun  I  and  the  interjection  0  should 
always  be  written  in  capitals. 

3.  Names  and  titles  of  the  Deity,  of  Jesus  Christ, 
and  of  the  Trinity  should  begin  with  capitals. 

4.  Pronouns  referring  to  the  Deity  or  to  the  Saviour 
should  be  capitalized  when  used  without  an  antecedent ; 
or  where,  with  an  antecedent,  other  pronouns  are  used. 

Example.  —  O  Thou  that  hearest  prayer! 

5.  All  proper  names  and  all  adjectives  formed  from 
proper  names  should  begin  with  capitals. 

Examples.  —  Boston,  Washington,  Ciceronian. 

6.  Titles  of  honor  should  begin  with  capitals  when 
they  are  applied  to  a  particular  person,  or  precede  a 
name,  or  occur  in  formal  address. 

Example.  —  Governor  Smith. 

7.  Names  of  races,  countries,  and  districts  should  be 
capitalized. 

Examples.  — ^  Creole,  Yankee,  Hoozier,  the  North,  Trans-atlantic. 

8.  Compound  titles  should  have  both  parts  capitalized. 
Examples.  —  Attorney-General,  Vice-President,  Rear-Admiral. 


12  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

9.  State,  when  referring  to  one  of  the  United  States, 
is  capitalized. 

10.  Words  used  for  the  Bible  should  be  capitalized. 
Examples.  —  The  Scriptures,  the  Word,  the  Gospels,  etc. 

11.  Names  of  sects  and  parties  should  begin  with 
capitals. 

Examples.  —  Republican,  Presbyterian. 

12.  Names  of  things  personified,  and  of  important 
events  and  things,  should  be  capitalized. 

Examples.  — The  Revolution,  the  Senate. 

13.  Titles  of  books,  pictures,  etc.,  should  begin  with 
capitals ;  and  all  nouns  and  other  important  words  in 
them  should  be  capitalized. 

Example.  —  Drill  Book  in  English. 

Exercise  1. 

Justify  the  use  of  capital  letters  in  the  followinrj :  — 

1.  God,  Creator,  Father,  the  Almighty,  Infinite  One,  Supreme  Being, 
Parent  of  Good. 

2.  O  Thou  that  hearest  the  mourner's  prayer! 

3.  The  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
Lake  Ontario,  Broadway,  New  York  City  (but  the  city  of  New  York), 
January,  Monday,  Elizabethan,  African,  Indian. 

4.  Catholic,  Episcopalian,  Universalist,  Mahometan,  .Jew. 

5.  The  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  the  Mayor  of  Boston,  the  Duke 
of  Burginidy,  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

6.  The  States  of  the  Union,  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky,  Plymouth 
Colony,  the  State  of  New  York,  the  states  of  Europe. 

7.  President  Eliot,  Lieutenant  Maury. 

8.  Upon  this.  Fancy  began  again  to  bestir  herself. 

9.  The  Reformation,  the  Middle  Ages,  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, the  Constitution,  Magna  Charta. 


CAPITALIZATION.  13 

10.  Brother  Jonathan,  Aunt  Mary,  Cousin  John. 

11.  It  entereth  not  his  thoughts  that  God 

Heareth  the  sufferer's  groan  ; 
That  in  His  righteous  eye  tlieir  life 
Is  precious  as  his  own. 

12.  He  was  a  quick  fellow,  and,  when  hot  from  play,  would  toss 
himself  in  a  corner,  and  in  five  minutes  be  deep  in  any  sort  of  book 
that  he  could  lay  his  hands  on  :  if  it  were  Rasselas  or  Gulliver,  so 
much  the  better  ;  but  Bailey's  Dictionary  would  do,  or  the  Bible  with 
the  Apocrypha  in  it.  Something  he  must  read  when  he  was  not  riding 
the  pony,  or  running  and  hunting,  or  listening  to  the  talk  of  men.  All 
this  was  true  of  him  at  ten  years  of  age :  he  had  then  read  through 
Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Guinea,  which  was  neither  milk  for 
babes  nor  any  chalky  mixture  meant  to  pass  for  milk ;  and  it  had 
already  occurred  to  him  that  books  were  stuff,  and  that  life  was 
stupid.  His  school-studies  had  not  much  modified  that  opinion ; 
for  though  he  "did"  his  classics  and  mathematics,  he  was  not  pre- 
eminent in  them. 


Exercise  2. 

Justify  the  use  of  cajntals  in  the  following :  — 

DEATH  OF  PAUL  DOMBEY. 

When  Paul  saw  him,  he  stretched  out  his  hand,  and  said  "Good 

by!" 

"  Good  by,  my  child  ! "  cried  Mrs.  Pipchin,  hurrying  to  his  bed's 
head.     "  Not  good  by  ?  " 

For  an  instant,  Paul  looked  at  her  with  the  wistful  face  with  which 
he  had  so  often  gazed  upon  her  in  his  corner  by  the  fire.  "Ah,  yes," 
he  said,  placidly,  "good  by  !  Walter  dear,  good  by  !  "  turning  his  head 
to  where  he  stood,  and  putting  out  his  hand  again.    "  Where  is  papa  ?  " 

He  felt  his  father's  breath  upon  his  cheek,  before  the  words  had 
parted  from  his  lips. 

"Remember  Walter,  dear  papa,"  he  whispered,  looking  in  his  face, 
—  "remember  Walter.  I  was  fond  of  Walter!"  The  feeble  hand 
waved  in  the  air,  as  if  it  cried  "good  by  ! "  to  Walter  once  again. 

"Now  lay  me  down  again,"  he  said;  "and,  Floy,  come  close  to 
me,  and  let  me  see  you  ! " 


14  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

iSister  and  brother  wound  their  arms  around  each  other,  and  the 
golden  light  came  streaming  in,  and  fell  upon  them,  locked  together. 

"  How  fast  the  river  runs  between  its  green  banks  and  the  rushes, 
Floy  !  But  it's  very  near  the  sea.  I  hear  the  waves.  They  always 
said  so  ! " 

Presently  he  told  her  that  the  motion  of  the  boat  upon  the  stream 
was  lulling  him  to  rest.  How  gi-een  the  banks  were  now,  how  bright 
the  flowers  growing  on  them,  and  how  tall  the  rushes  !  Now  the  boat 
was  out  at  sea,  but  gliding  smoothly  on.  And  now  there  was  a  shore 
before  him.     Who  stood  on  the  bank  ? 

He  put  his  hands  together,  as  he  had  been  used  to  do  at  his  prayers. 
He  did  not  remove  his  arms  to  do  it,  but  they  saw  him  fold  them  so 
behind  her  neck. 

"  Mamma  is  like  you,  Floy.  I  know  her  by  the  face  !  But  tell 
them  that  the  print  upon  the  stairs  at  school  is  not  divine  enough. 
The  light  about  the  head  is  shining  on  me  as  I  go  !  " 

The  golden  ripple  on  the  wall  came  back  again,  and  nothing  else 
stirred  in  the  room.  The  old,  old  fashion  !  The  fashion  that  came  in 
with  our  first  garments,  and  will  last  unchanged  until  our  race  has  run 
its  course,  and  the  wide  firmament  is  rolled  up  like  a  scroll.  The  old, 
old  fashion  —  Death  ! 


CAPITALIZATION.  15 


Exercise  3. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  folloiving :  — 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  ENGLAND. 

in  the  course  of  seven  centuries  the  wretched 
and  degraded  race  have  become  the  greatest  and 
most  highly  civilized  people  that  ever  the  world 
saw,  have  spread  their  dominion  over  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  have  scattered  the  seeds 
of  mighty  empires  and  republics  over  vast  conti- 
nents of  which  no  dim  intimation  had  ever 
reached  ptolemy  or  strabo,  have  created  a  mari- 
time power  which  would  annihilate  in  a  quarter 
of  an  hour  the  navies  of  tyre,  athens,  carthage, 
Venice,  and  genoa  together,  have  carried  the  sci- 
ence of  healing,  the  means  of  locomotion  and 
correspondence,  every  mechanical  art,  every  man- 
ufacture, everything  that  promotes  the  conven- 
ience of  life,  to  a  perfection  which  our  ancestors 
would  have  thought  magical,  have  produced  a 
literature  which  may  boast  of  works  not  inferior 
to  the  noblest  which  greece  has  bequeathed  to 
us,  have  discovered  the  laws  which  regulate  the 
motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  have  speculated 
with  exquisite  subtilty  on  the  operations  of  the 
human  mind,  have  been  the  acknowledged  lead- 
ers of  the  human  race  in  the  career  of  political 
improvement. 

the  history  of  england  is  the  history  of  this 
great  change  in  the  moral,  intellectual,  and  phy- 
sical state  of  the  inhabitants  of  our  own  island, 
there  is  much  amusing  and  instructive  episodical 
matter,  but  this  is  the  main  action,  to  us,  we 
will  own,  nothing  is  so  interesting  and  delightful 
as  to  contemplate  the  steps  by  which  the  england 
of  the  domesday  book,  the  england  of  the  curfew, 
has  thus  changed. 


IG  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

Exercise  4. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  following :  — 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE  ESSAY  ON  MAN. 

heaven  from  all  creatures  hides  the  book  of  fate, 
all  but  the  page  prescribed,  their  present  state ; 
from  brutes  what  men,  from  men  what  spirits 

know, 
oi"  who  could  suffer  being  here  below  ? 
the  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day, 
had  he  thy  reason,  would  he  skip  and  play? 
pleased  to  the  last,  \w  crops  the  flowery  food, 
and  licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed  his  blood. 
o  blindness  to  the  future  !  kindly  given, 
that  each  may  fill  the  circle  marked  by  heaven  ; 
who  sees  with  equal  eye,  as  god  of  all, 
a  hero  perish  or  a  sparrow  fall ; 
atoms  or  systems  into  ruin  hurled, 
and  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

hope  humbly,  then,  with    trembling   pinions 
soar ; 
wait  the  great  teacher,  death ;  and  god  adore, 
what  future  bliss,  he  gives  not  thee  to  know, 
but  gives  that  hope  to  be  thy  blessing  now. 
hope  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast ; 
man  never  is,  but  always  to  be  blest ; 
the  soul,  uneasy  and  confined  from  home, 
rests  and  expatiates  in  a  life  to  come. 

lo  the  poor  Indian,  whose  untutored  mind 
sees  god  in  clouds,  and  hears  him  in  the  wind; 
his  soul  proud  science  never  taught  to  stray 
far  as  the  solar  walk,  or  milky  way ; 
yet  simple  nature  to  his  hope  has  given, 
behind  the  cloud-topped  hill,  a  liumbler  heaven ; 
some  safer  world  in  depth  of  woods  embraced, 
some  happier  island  in  the  watery  waste, 
where  slaves  once  more  their  native  land  behold. 


CAPITALIZATION.  17 


Exercise  5. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  folloioing :  — 

THE  HEBREW  RACE. 

in  consequence  of  what  transpired  at  madrid, 
i  went  straight  to  paris,  to  consult  the  president 
of  the  french  council ;  i  beheld  the  son  of  a 
french  jew,  a  hero,  an  imperial  marshal,  and 
very  properly  so,  for  who  should  be  military 
heroes  if  not  those  who  worship  the  lord  of 
hosts?  "and  is  soult  a  hebrew?"  "yes,  and 
several  of  the  french  marshals,  and  the  most 
famous  ;  massena,  for  example,  —  his  real  name 
was  nianasseh.  but  to  my  anecdote,  the  con- 
sequence of  our  consultations  was,  that  some 
northern  power  should  be  applied  to  in  a  friend- 
ly and  mediative  capacity,  we  fixed  on  prussia, 
and  the  president  of  the  council  made  an  appli- 
cation to  the  Prussian  minister,  who  attended  a 
few  days  after  our  conference,  count  arnini 
entered  the  cabinet,  and  i  beheld  a  prussian  jew. 
so  you  see,  my  dear  coningsby,  that  the  world  is 
governed  by  very  different  personages  from  what 
is  imagined  by  those  who  are  not  behind  the 
scenes,  favored  by  nature  and  by  nature's  god, 
we  produced  the  lyre  of  david  ;  we  gave  you 
isaiah  and  ezekiel ;  they  are  our  olynthiacs,  our 
philippics,  favored  by  nature  we  still  remain ; 
but  in  exact  proportion  as  we  have  been  favored 
by  nature  we  have  been  persecuted  by  man. 
after  a  thousand  struggles,  —  after  acts  of  heroic 
courage  that  rome  has  never  equalled,  —  deeds 
of  divine  patriotism  that  athens  and  sparta  and 
Carthage  have  never  excelled,  —  we  have  endured 
fifteen  hundred  years  of  supernatural  slavery ; 
during  which  every  device  that  can  degrade  or 
destroy  man  has  been  our  destiny. 


18  DRILL    BOOK  i.V   ENGLISH. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

punctuation. 

Rules. 

1.   SENTENCES. 

1.  A  declarative  sentence  takes  a  period  at  its  close ; 
as, 

Tlie  work  is  completed. 

2.  An  interrogative  sentence  takes  an  interrogation 
point  at  its  close  ;  as, 

Wlio  discovered  America? 

3.  An  exclamatory  sentence  takes  an  exclamation 
point  at  its  close  ;  as, 

"What  a  hero  he  is ! 

4.  An  imperative  sentence  takes  a  period  at  its 
close ;  as, 

John,  close  the  door. 

2.   MEMBERS. 

5.  If  any  member  of  a  compound  sentence  contains  a 
semicolon,  a  colon  should  be  \ised  to  separate  the  mem- 
bers ;  as, 

Our  hearts  you  see  not:  they  are  pitiful; 
[  And  pity  to  the  general  wrong  of  Roiue 

Hath  done  this  deed  on  Caesar. 

Note.  —  The  principles  of  punctuation  can  best  be  learned  from  Bige- 
low's  JlcdtiJhook  of  Pinictuation  (Boston,  Lee  &  Shepard),  a  treatise 
equally  valuable  as  a  text-book  and  as  a  book  of  refereuce. 


PUNCTUATION.  19 

6.  If  any  member  of  a  compound  sentence  contains  a 
comma,  a  semicolon  should  be  used  to  separate  the 
members  ;  as, 

But  speak  all  good  you  can  devise  of  Csesar, 
And  say  you  do  't  by  our  permission ; 
Else  shall  you  not  have  any  hand  at  all 
About  his  funeral. 

7.  Members  slightly  connected  in  thought  are  sepa- 
rated by  semicolons  ;  as. 

Yet  stay  awhile ; 

Thou  shalt  not  back  till  I  have  borne  this  corse 
Into  the  market-place. 

8.  Members  closely  connected  in  thought  are  sepa- 
rated by  commas  ;  as. 

The  sun  has  risen,  his  rays  gild  the  mountain  tops. 

Exception.  — Short  members  that  are  very  closely  connected  in 
thought  may  omit  the  comma,  and  the  members  of  an  interrogative 
sentence  may  be  separated  by  an  interrogation  point ;  as, 

The  wind  blew  and  the  rain  fell. 

Who  has  seen  him  ?   who  has  heard  of  him  ? 

3.   CLAUSES. 

9.  Clauses  should  be  separated  from  one  another,  and 
from  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  by  commas  ;  as, 

The  wicked  flee,  when  no  man  pursueth . 

If  this  is  your  excuse,  you  should  be  ashamed. 

Exception  1.  —  Clauses  that  are  closely  connected  with  the  words 
they  modify,  are  not  separated  by  commas  from  the  words  which  they 
modify.  This  exception  applies  most  frequently  to  restrictive  relative 
clauses,  to  clauses  introduced  by  as  and  than  in  comparisons,  and  to 
single  object  clauses  introduced  by  the  conjunction  that ;  as. 

The  man  that  lies  loses  the  respect  of  his  fellows. 

He  is  better  than  he  seems. 

He  said  that  he  should  sail  the  next  day. 


20  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

Exception  2.  —  When  one  of  a  series  of  clauses  contains  a  comma, 
the  clauses  should  be  separated  by  semicolons  ;  as, 

This  occurred  when  the  art  of  printing  had  not  been  invented  ; 
when  physical  science  was  a  myth ;  when  individual  liberty,  as  we 
now  understand  it,  had  never  been  dreamed  of. 

Exception  3.  —  Long  direct  quotations,  and  quotations  introduced 
by  as  follows^  these  words,  etc. ,  are  preceded  by  a  colon  ;  as, 

Mr.  Smith  arose  and  spoke  as  follows :  "  I  am  happy  to  count  my- 
self a  member  of  this  company." 

Exception  4.  —  Where  hut,  and,  or  other  connecting  particle,  occurs 
after  a  period  or  semicolon,  immediately  before  a  clause,  the  comma 
before  the  clause  .should  be  omitted  ;  as. 

He  removed  from  the  city  last  year ;  but  if  he  had  remained  here 
longer,  he  would  have  gained  no  more  friends. 

4.   PHRASES. 

10.  Phrases  are  separated  by  commas  from  tlie  rest 
of  the  sentence,  — 

(1)  When  they  are  preceded  by  a  modal  adverb  like 
even,  enpecially,  etc. ;  as, 

There  are,  even  in  Boston,  a  few  who  cannot  earn  their  living. 

(2)  When  they  are  equivalent  to  clauses  that  would 
require  to  be  set  off  by  commas ;  as, 

They  build,  if  possible,  large  and  rambling  houses  on  high  hills. 

(3)  When  they  are  separated  from  the  word  wliicli 
they  modify,  and  the  voice  in  reading  them  is  naturally 
checked,  in  order  to  give  the  desired  meaning  ;  as, 

In  all  the  countries  of  the  Old  World,  beggars  are  as  numerous 
as  street  lights. 

11.  Infinitive  phrases  are  usually  set  off  by  commas 
when  they  are  preceded  by  the  expression,  in  order  ;  as, 

He  retired  early,  in  order  to  recuperate  his  exhausted  physical 
energies. 


PUNCTUATION.  21 

12.  Phrases  arranged  in  pairs,  are  separated  in  pairs 
by  commas ;  as, 

In  sickness  and  in  health,  in  safety  and  in  danger,  God  is  our 
best  friend. 

13.  A  series  of  phrases  modifying  the  same  word, 
takes  a  comma  after  each  phrase  ;  as. 

In  London,  in  Paris,  in  Berlin,  in  New  York,  and  in  Chicago,  we 
find  men  to  be  practically  the  same. 

14.  A  phrase  used  parenthetically,  and  modifying  the 
whole  sentence  rather  than  any  one  word,  is  set  off  by 
commas  when  the  author  wishes  to  emphasize  the  paren- 
thetical nature  of  the  phrase  ;  as, 

The  ai'istocrats  of  to-day,  to  speak  plainly,  are  not  aristocrats 
at  all. 

5.  WORDS. 

15.  Words  used  parenthetically  are  separated  from 
the  rest  of  the  sentence  by  commas. 

This  includes,  — 

(1)  Vocative  words  and  their  modifiers  ;  as, 
Good  friend,  depart. 

(2)  Words  in  apposition  with  some  preceding  word, 
unless  the  preceding  word  has  the  force  of  an  adjective  ; 
as, 

Henry  VIII.,  King  of  England,  was  accused  of  many  crimes. 

(3)  Words  repeated  for  emphasis  ;  as. 
Truth,  truth  is  the  highest  of  virtues. 

(4)  Most  modal  adverbs  ;  as. 

Our  civilization,  therefore,  has  its  defects. 


22  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

IG.  When  a  noun  or  verb  is  omitted  for  the  sake  of 
brevity  and  emphasis,  a  comma  usually  takes  its  place; 
as, 

Homer  was  the  greater  genius;  Vergil,  the  better  artist. 

17.  Words  arranged  in  pairs  are  separated  in  pairs 
by  commas  ;  as, 

Prince  and  pauper,  master  and  slave,  city  and  country,  are  por- 
trayed with  equal  fidelity. 

18.  A  series  of  separated  words  in  the  same  construc- 
tion takes  commas  in  the  places  of  the  omitted  conjunc- 
tions; and  when  the  last  conjunction  is  expressed,  takes 
a  comma  before  the  conjunction  ;  as, 

Henry,  James,  Charles,  and  Joseph  are  common  names. 

Exception.  —  When  the  last  of  two  or  more  adjectives  in  a  series 
is  an  essential  attribute  of  the  noun  modified,  the  conmia  should  be 
omitted  before  it ;  as, 

Many  ragged  little  children  were  seen  playing  about  the  door. 

19.  All  nouns  in  the  singular  number  and  all  nouns 
in  the  plural  ending  with  any  other  letter  than  .s-,  form 
the  possessive  case  by  the  addition  of  an  apostrophe  and 
the  letter  s  ;  as,  Joliiis,  men's. 

Exception.  —  The  additional  s  may  be  elided  in  poetry,  and  in  the 
phrases,  "for  riyhteo7is)i('ss''  ««Ay^,"  "for  conscience^  saAv,"  "for  good- 
ness'' sake,''''  "  for  Jesus''  sake,''''  etc. 

All  plural  nouns  ending  in  .s  form  the  possessive  by  the  addition  of 
an  apostrophe  after  the  s  ;  as,  Boys''. 

20.  Abbreviations  which  do  not  contain  an  apostro- 
phe, and  Roman  letters  used  to  represent  numbers,  are 
followed  by  the  period  ;  as, 

Mass.,  XIV. 


PUNCTUATION.  23 

21.  Interjections,  except  0,  and  vocatives  that  express 

strong  feeling,  may  be  followed  by  an  exclamation  point ; 

as, 

Ah!    Man! 

Interjections  usually  have  no  exclamation  point  when 

they  stand  in  exclamatory  sentences  ;  as. 

Ah,  my  friend,  what  a  fall  was  that ! 

6.   MISCELLANEOUS. 

22.  The  dash  is  used  (1)  where  the  construction  of 
the  sentence  is  suddenly  changed  or  suspended ;  (2)  be- 
fore and  after  a  parenthetical  clause  when  the  break  is 
too  great  for  the  use  of  commas ;  and  (3)  to  denote  the 
omission  of  words  or  letters  ;  as. 

He  is  —  I  dare  not  say  what  he  is. 

Religion  —  who  can  doubt  it  ?  —  is  the  noblest  theme. 

John  B n  was  assaulted  by  John  S h. 

23.  Parentheses  are  used  to  enclose  an  explanation, 
authority,  definition,  reference,  translation,  or  other  mat- 
ter not  strictly  belonging  to  the  sentence  ;  as. 

The  Egyptian  style  of  architecture  (see  Dr.  Pocock's  work)  was 
the  mother  of  the  Greek. 

24.  In  the  address,  date,  and  conclusion  of  a  letter 
or  other  document,  commas  should  be  used  to  separate 
the  different  items  ;  as, 

Boston,  Mass.,  June  1,  1891. 

25.  No  question  should  be  divided  by  any  other  point 
than  a  comma  or  an  interrogation  mark  ;  but  if  a  ques- 
tion is  so  constructed  that  a  greater  break  is  required, 
the  dash  should  be  used ;  as. 

If  God  be  with  us,  who  can  be  against  us  ? 

If  his  deeds  are  villainous,  —  what  say  you  to  that? 


24  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

26.  Marks  of  quotation  ["  "]  are  used  to  indicate  a 
passage  from  another  author,  or  anything  said  by  a 
speaker  when  it  is  given  in  his  own  words ;  as, 

"Yes,  sir,"  said  he,  "  I  have." 

Remarks.  — In  quoting  words  or  sentences  the  period  and  comma 
always  come  before  the  closing  quotation  mark  ;  but  the  interrogation 
or  the  exclamation  point,  the  colon,  or  the  semicolon  should  come 
before  or  after  the  quotation  mark  according  as  it  is  a  part  of  the 
quotation  or  not. 

When  one  quotation  occurs  within  another,  single  marks  should  be 
used  to  ejiclose  it. 

27.  Omitted  letters  are  sometimes  denoted  by  the 
apostrophe ;  as, 

Don't  yield. 

28.  The  semicolon  should  be  used  before  as,  viz.,  e.c/., 

i.e.,  and  similar  words,  when   examples  or  particulars 

follow ;  and  a  comma  should  follow  them  ;  as. 

He  uses  many  rustic  expressions ;  e.g.,  ain't,  hain't,  that  'ere  7nan, 
etc. 

29.  The  use  of  brackets  is  the  same  as  that  of  paren- 
theses, but  is  restricted  to  interpolations,  corrections, 
notes,  or  explanations  made  by  authors  in  quotations 
from  others,  or  by  editors  in  editing  books ;  as, 

See  Livy,  Book  I.,  line  7o.    [Pliiladelphia,  1872.] 

30.  The  parts  of  a  comixmnd  predicate,  if  long  or 
differently  modified,  should  be  separated  by  commas 
or  semicolons ;  as. 

He  dined  at  his  club,  but  supped  with  his  family  on  the  Avenue. 

31.  When  a  date  is  inserted  in  a  sentence  without  a 
preposition  or  other  word  to  connect  it  with  the  preced- 
ing words,  a  comma  should  be  used  before  it ;  as, 

Washington  was  born,  Feb.  22,  1732. 


PUNCTUATION.  25 

32.  The  dash  may  be  used  after  another  mark  to  add 
to  its  force  ;  as, 

When  all  men  are  virtuous  and  altruistic,  —  then  we  may  realize 
the  ideals  of  "  Looking  Backward." 

33.  The  parts  of  compound  subjects,  if  long  or  dif- 
ferently modified,  should  be  separated  by  commas ;  as, 

The  man  who  designed  the  statue,  and  Mr.  Brown  of  Sacra- 
mento, were  the  principal  guests. 

34.  When  the  subject  is  long  or  complex,  it  may  be 
separated  from  the  predicate  by  a  comma ;  as, 

The  truths  maintained  by  our  fathers  with  their  lives,  and  the 
principles  which  our  brothers  are  now  defending  on  the  field  of 
honor,  deserve  all  the  sacrifice  which  they  have  received. 

35.  The  comma  is  sometimes  omitted  after  abbrevia- 
tions ;  as, 

Henry  B.  Jones,  Jr.  was  elected  mayor. 

36.  Words  and  expressions  in  a  series  may  take  a 
comma  after  every  such  word  or  expression  for  the 
sake  of  emphasis,  even  when  all  the  conjunctions  are 
expressed ;  as, 

He  is  honest,  and  truthful,  and  devoted  to  his  duty. 

7.   PAKA GRAPHING. 

37.  A  new  paragraph  should  be  begun  whenever  the 
immediate  topic  of  discourse  is  changed. 

38.  In  printing  conversations  between  different  per- 
sons, whatever  each  person  says  or  does  usually  consti- 
tutes a  separate  paragraph. 


JlAiilHOHMALSC'^ 


26  BRILL    BOOK   IN   ENGLISH. 


Exercise  1, 


Justify  the  jyunctuation  in  the  following :  — 

1.  But  in  the  first  year  of  Cyrus,  the  king  of  Baby- 
lon, the  same  King  Cyrus  made  a  decree  to  build  this 
house  of  God. 

2.  Greece,  Carthage,  Rome,  — where  are  they? 

3.  Heaven  gives  its  favorites  —  early  death. 

4.  Learning  is  the  ally,  not  the  adversary,  of  genius. 

5.  We  came  to  a  large  opening,  or  inlet. 
.6.    O  that  I  had  wings  like  a  dove ! 

7.  O  that  this  too,  too  solid  flesh  would  melt,  thaw, 
and  resolve  itself  into  a  dew  ! 

8.  The  husband,  wife,  and  children  suffered  ex- 
tremely. 

9.  True  eloquence,  indeed,  does  not  consist  in  mere 
speech. 

10.  The  death  of  President  Wadsworth  occurred, 
March  16th,  1737,  and  was  lamented  with  more  than 
ordinary  demonstrations  of  sorrow. 

11.  Hark!  hark!  the  Dauphin's  drum  ! 

1-    12.   It  is  the  law  of  nature,  that  the  mother  shall  pro- 
tect and  cherish  her  offspring. 

13.  Our  opinion  is,  that  as  to  this  part  of  the  fund 
the  trust  should  be  terminated,  and  the  amount  paid 
over  to  the  claimant. 

14.  Socrates  recommended  to  one  of  his  disciples  this 
prayer:  "  O  Jupiter,  give  us  those  things,"  etc. 

15.  How  amiable  thou  art,  O  Virtue  ! 

16.  Ah,  child !  you  are  as  innocent  as  the  flower  that 
grows  under  our  feet. 

17.  A  clause  is  either  imlependent  or  dependent: 
independent,  if  it  forms  an  assertion  by  itself;  depend- 
ent, if  it  enters  into  some  other  proposition  with  the 
value  of  a  part  of  speech. 

18.  But  though  they  had  been  victorious  in  the  land 
engagements,  they  were  so  little  decisive  as  to  lead  to 
no  important  result. 


PUNCTUATION.  27 


Exercise  2. 

Justify  the  punctuation  in  tlie  following  sentences:  — 

1.  Their  search  extends  along,  around  the  path. 

2.  The  four  greatest  names  in  English  poetry  are 
almost  the  first  we  come  to,  —  Chaucer,  Spenser,  Shake- 
speare, and  Milton. 

3.  Are  you  still  —  I  fear  you  are  —  far  from  being 
comfortably  settled  ? 

4.  Then  the  eye  of  a  child,  —  who  can  look  unmoved 
into  that  well  undefiled,  in  which  heaven  itself  seems  to 
be  reflected  ? 

5.  For  I  know  that  in  me  (that  is,  in  my  flesh) 
dwelleth  no  good  thing. 

6.  To  render  the  Constitution  perpetual,  —  which 
God  grant  it  may  be,  —  it  is  necessary  that  its  benefits 
should  be  practically  felt  by  all  parts  of  the  country. 

7.  ^Vhat  is  civilization  ?  where  is  it  ?  what  does  it 
consist  in?  by  what  is  it  excluded?  where  does  it  com- 
mence? where  does  it  end?  by  what  sign  is  it  known? 
how  is  it  defined?     In  short,  what  does  it  mean? 

8.  In  order  to  prove  this,  I  will  now  read  precisely 
what  the  gentleman  did  say. 

9.  In  his  last  moments  he  uttered  these  words  :  "  I 
fall  a  sacrifice  to  sloth  and  luxury." 

10.  A  noun  is  the  name  of  anything  that  exists,  or 
of  which  we  have  any  notion  ;  as,  London,  man,  virtue. 

11.  The  ancient  Greek  language  has  been  divided  by 
grammarians  into  four  principal  dialects ;  viz.  Attic, 
Ionic,  Doi'ic,  and  ^olic. 

12.  He  was  courteous,  not  cringing,  to  superiors ; 
affable,  not  familiar,  to  equals  ;  and  kind,  but  not  con- 
descending or  supercilious,  to  inferiors. 

13.  The  keystones,  etc.  of  the  choir,  and  the  com- 
partments between  the  ribs  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
choir,  were  re-decorated  in  color. 

14.  Athens  seemed  now  restored,  if  not  to  power,  at 
least  to  independence ;    and  if   she   reflected   but   the 


5  BRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

shadow  of  her  former  greatness,  she  was  at  least  raised 
up  from  the  depths  of  her  degradation. 

15.  A  wise  man  seeks  to  shine  in  himself ;  a  fool, 
in  others. 

16.  Price  of  admission,  50  cents. 

17.  Shaw,  C.  J.  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  court. 

18.  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  Washington,  D.  C. 

19.  I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
George  Washington. 

20.  For  the  things  which  are  seen  are  temporal,  but 
the  things  which  are  not  seen  are  eternal. 

Exercise  3. 

Justify  the  imnctuation  in  the  following  sentences:  — 

1.  The  poet  Milton  wrote  excellent  prose  and  bet- 
ter poetry. 

2.  On  the  death  of  the  Empress  Anne,  her  niece 
assumed  the  government,  as  guardian  of  her  son  John. 

3.  By  simple  truth,  staleness  and  tameness  are  not 
meant,  for  there  should  always  be  richness  of  thought. 

4.  To  prove  its  location,  reputation,  and  tradition, 
recitals  in  ancient  deeds,  and  the  evidence  afforded  by 
ancient  maps  and  plans,  are  admissible. 

^         5.   She  had  dark  blue  eyes  and  beautiful  light  brown 
hair. 

6.  He  then  proceeded  to  draw  on  a  pair  of  old, 
shabby,  and  very  dirty  white  kid  gloves. 

7.  Strong  proofs,  not  a  loud  voice,  produce  con- 
viction. 

8.  Death  had  lost  its  terrors  and  pleasure  its 
charms. 

9.  Saying  with  a  loud  voice.  Worthy  is  the  Lamb 
that  was  slain  to  receive  power,  aiul  riches,  and  wisdom, 
and  strength,  and  honor,  and  glory,  and  blessing. 

10.  Cherish  true  patriotism,  which  has  its  root  in 
benevolence. 

11.  His  stories,  which  made  everybody  laugh,  were 
often  made  to  order. 


PUNCTUATION.  29 

12.  They  have  forgolten,  that  in  PhiglaiKl  not  one 
shilling  of  paper  money  is  received  but  of  choice,  that 
the  whole  has  had  its  origin  in  cash  actually  deposited, 
and  that  it  is  convertible  at  pleasure  into  cash  again. 

13.  Dante's  knowledge  of  him  is  owing  to  the  fact, 
that  the  profane  Latin  literature  had  been  revived  in 
the  twelfth  century. 

14.  United,  we  stand ;  divided,  we  fall. 

15.  The  prince,  his  father  being  dead,  succeeded. 

16.  His  father  dying,  he  succeeded  to  the  estate. 

17.  To  confess  the  truth,  I  was  much  in  fault. 

18.  Vices,  like  shadows,  towards  the  evening  of  life 
grow  great  and  monstrous. 

19.  I  had  grown  to  my  desk,  as  it  were,  and  the  work 
had  entered  my  soul. 

20.  True  eloquence,  indeed,  does  not  consist  in  mere 
speech. 

21.  Patience,  I  say;  your  mind  perhaps  may  change. 

Exercise  4. 

Justify  the  xiunctuation  in  the  folloioing  sentences :  — 

1.  Patriots,  heroes,  rise  to  this  height  of  sacrifice. 

2.  Apply  your  whole  heart  to  this  day's  work ;  you 
will  never  have  the  opportunity  again. 

3.  The  time  that  brings  no  hour-glass  with  it,  is  the 
time  of  youth. 

4.  These  meteors,  especially  in  the  autumn,  are  seen 
in  great  numbers. 

5.  He  rode  over  the  country,  in  order  to  secure  evi- 
dence in  his  client's  favor. 

6.  Sink  or  swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or  perish,  I  give 
my  heart  to  this  vote. 

7.  On  the  mountain,  in  the  valley,  in  the  sea,  in  the 
wilderness,  vfe  see  the  handiwork  of  the  Creator. 

8.  Hill  and  valley,  forest  and  plain,  rivulet  and  tor- 
rent, are  filled  with  animal  life. 

9.  King  James's  version  of  the  Bible  is  often  called 
the  Authorized  Version. 


30  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 


Exercise  5. 

The  folloioing  extract  contains  all  necessary  marhs  of  punc- 
tuation, jiroperly  jilaced,  except  commas.  Correct  errors  in 
punctuation  and  the  use  of  capitals:  — 

DECAY  OF  CHIVALRY. 

it  is  now  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  since  i  saw 
the  queen  of  france  then  the  dauphiness  at  Ver- 
sailles; and  surely  never  lighted  on  this  orb 
which  she  hardly  seemed  to  touch  a  more  delight- 
ful vision,  i  saw  her  just  above  the  horizon 
decorating  and  cheering  the  elevated  sphere  she 
just  began  to  move  in  —  glittering  like  the  morn- 
ing star  full  of  life  and  splendor  and  jo}'.  o  what 
a  revolution !  and  what  a  heart  must  i  have  to 
contemplate  without  emotion  that  elevation  and 
that  fall !  little  did  i  dream  when  she  added 
titles  of  veneration  to  those  of  enthusiastic  dis- 
tant respectful  love  that  she  would  ever  be 
obliged  to  cany  the  sharp  antidote  against  dis- 
grace concealed  in  that  bosom :  little  did  i  dream 
that  i  should  have  lived  to  see  such  disasters 
fallen  upon  her  in  a  nation  of  gallant  men  in  a 
nation  of  men  of  honor  and  of  cavaliers,  i 
thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped 
from  their  scabbaixis  to  avenge  even  a  look  that 
threatened  her  with  insult. 

but  the  age  of  chivalry  is  gone,  that  of  soph- 
isters  economists  and  calculators  has  succeeded  ; 
and  the  glory  of  europe  is  extinguished  for  ever, 
never  never  more  shall  we  behold  that  generous 
loyalty  to  rank  and  sex  that  proud  submission 
that  dignified  obedience  that  subordination  of 
the  heart  which  kept  alive  even  in  servitude 
itself  the  spirit  of  an  exalted  freedom,  the  un- 
bought  grace  of  life  the  cheap  defence  of  nations 


PUNCTUATION.  31 

the  nurse  of  manly  sentiment  and  heroic  enter- 
prise is  gone !  it  is  gone  that  sensibility  of 
principle  that  chastity  of  honor  which  felt  a 
stain  like  a  wound  which  inspired  courage  whilst 
it  mitigated  ferocity  which  ennobled  whatever  it 
touched  and  under  which  vice  itself  lost  half  its 
evil  by  losing  all  its  grossness. 

this  mixed  system  of  opinion  and  sentiment 
had  its  origin  in  the  ancient  chivalry ;  and  the 
principle  though  varied  in  its  appearance  by  the 
varying  state  of  human  affairs  subsisted  and  in- 
fluenced through  a  long  succession  of  genera- 
tions even  to  the  time  we  live  in.  if  it  should 
ever  be  totally  extinguished  the  loss  i  fear  will 
be  great,  it  is  this  which  has  given  its  character 
to  modern  europe.  it  is  this  which  has  distin- 
guished it  under  all  its  forms  of  government  and 
distinguished  it  to  its  advantage  from  the  states 
of  asia  and  possibly  from  those  states  which 
flourished  in  the  most  brilliant  periods  of  the 
antique  world,  it  was  this  which  without  con- 
fouiuling  ranks  had  produced  a  noble  equality 
and  handed  it  down  through  all  the  gradations 
of  social  life,  it  was  this  opinion  which  miti- 
gated kings  into  companions  and  raised  private 
men  to  be  fellows  with  kings,  without  force  or 
opposition  it  subdued  the  fierceness  of  pride  and 
power ;  it  obliged  sovereigns  to  submit  to  the 
soft  collar  of  social  esteem  compelled  stern  au- 
thority to  submit  to  elegance  and  gave  a  dom- 
inating vanquisher  of  laws  to  be  subdued  by 
manners. 

but  now  all  is  to  be  changed,  all  the  pleasing 
illusions  which  made  pow'er  gentle  and  obedience 
liberal  which  harmonized  the  different  shades 
of  life  and  which  by  bland  assimilation  incoi'- 
porated  into  politics  the  sentiments  which  beau- 
tify and  soften  private  society  are  to  be  dissolved 
by  this  new  conquering   empire  of   light  and 


32  BRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

reason,  all  the  decent  drapery  of  life  is  to  be 
rudely  torn  off.  all  the  superadded  ideas  fur- 
nished from  the  wardrobe  of  a  moral  imagina- 
tion which  the  heart  owns  and  the  understanding 
ratifies  as  necessary  to  cover  the  defects  of  our 
naked  shivering  nature  and  to  raise  it  to  dignity 
in  our  own  estimation  are  to  be  exploded  as  a 
ridiculous  absurd  and  antiquated  fashion. 

on  this  scheme  of  things  a  king  is  but  a  man 
a  queen  is  but  a  woman ;  a  woman  is  but  an 
animal  and  an  animal  not  of  the  highest  order, 
all  homage  paid  to  the  sex  in  general  as  such 
and  without  distinct  views  is  to  be  regarded  as 
^  romance  and  folly,  regicide  and  parricide  and 
sacrilege  are  but  fictions  of  superstition  corrupt- 
ing jurisprudence  by  destroying  its  simplicity, 
the  murder  of  a  king  or  a  queen  or  a  bishop  or 
a  father  is  only  common  homicide;  and  if  the 
people  are  by  any  chance  or  in  any  way  gainers 
by  it  a  sort  of  homicide  much  the  most  pardon- 
aV>le  into  which  we  ought  not  to  make  too  severe 
a  scrutiny. 


PUNCTUATION.  33 


Exercise  6. 

1)1  the  folloioing  extract,  commas  are  put  for  all  marks  of 
punctuation.     Correct  all  errors:  — 

THE  TRIAL  OF  WAREEN  HASTINGS. 

there  have  been  spectacles  more  dazzling  to 
the  eye,  more  gorgeous  with  jewelry  and  cloth- 
of-gold,  more  attractive  to  grown-iip  children, 
than  that  which  was  then  exhibited  at  Westmin- 
ster, but  perhaps  there  never  was  a  spectacle  so 
well  calculated  to  strike  a  highly  cultivated,  a 
reflecting,  an  imaginative  mind,  all  the  various 
kinds  of  intei-est  which  belong  to  the  near  and 
to  the  distant,  to  the  present  and  to  the  past, 
were  collected  on  one  spot,  and  in  one  hour, 
every  step  in  the  proceedings  carried  the  mind 
either  backward,  through  many  troubled  centu- 
ries, to  the  days  when  the  foundations  of  our 
constitution  were  laid,  or  far  away,  over  bound- 
less seas  and  deserts,  to  dusky  nations  living 
under  strange  stars,  worshipping  strange  gods, 
and  writhig  strange  characters  from  right  to 
left,  the  high  court  of  parliament  was  to  sit, 
according  to  forms  handed  down  from  the  days 
of  the  plantagenets,  on  an  englishman  accused 
of  exercising  tyranny  over  the  lord  of  the  holy 
city  of  benares,  and  over  the  ladies  of  the 
princely  house  of  oude. 

the  place  was  worthy  of  such  a  trial,  it  was 
the  great  hall  of  william  rufus,  the  hall  which 
had  resounded  with  acclamations  at  the  inaugu- 
ration of  thirty  kings,  the  hall  which  had  wit- 
nessed the  just  sentence  of  bacon  and  the  just 
absolution  of  somers,  the  hall  where  the  elo- 
quence of  Strafford  had  for  a  moment  awed  and 
melted   a  victorious   party  inflamed  with   just 


34  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

resentment,  the  hall  where  charles  had  con- 
fronted the  high  court  of  justice  with  the  placid 
courage  which  has  half  redeemed  his  fame, 
neither  military  nor  civil  pomj?  was  wanting, 
the  avenues  were  lined  with  grenadiers,  the 
streets  were  kept  clear  by  cavalry,  the  peers, 
robed  in  gold  and  ermine,  were  marshalled  by 
the  heralds  under  garter  king-at-arms,  the 
judges  in  their  vestments  of  state  attended  to 
give  advice  on  points  of  law,  the  gray  old  walls 
were  hung  with  scarlet, 

the  long  galleries  wei'e  crowded  by  an  audi- 
ence such  as  has  rarely  excited  the  fears  or  the 
emulation  of  an  orator,  there  were  gathered  to- 
gether, from  all  parts  of  a  great,  free,  enlight- 
ened, and  prosperous  empire,  grace  and  female 
loveliness,  wit  and  learning,  tlie  representatives 
of  every  science  and  of  every  art,  there  were 
seated  round  the  queen  the  fair-haired  3'oung 
daugliters  of  the  house  of  brunswick,  there  the 
ambassadors  of  great  kings  and  commonwealths 
gazed  with  admiration  on  a  spectacle  which  no 
other  country  in  the  world  could  present,  there 
siddons,  in  the  prime  of  her  majestic  beauty, 
looked  with  emotion  on  a  scene  surpassing  all 
the  imitations  of  the  stage,  tliere  the  historian 
of  the  roman  empire  thought  of  the  days  when 
cicero  pleaded  the  cause  of  sicily  against  vei-res, 
and  when,  before  a  senate  which  still  retained 
some  show  of  freedom,  tacitus  thundered  against 
the  oppressor  of  africa, 

there  were  seen,  side  by  side,  the  greatest 
painter  and  the  greatest  scliolar  of  the  age,  the 
spectacle  had  allured  reynolds  from  that  easel 
which  has  preserved  to  us  the  thoughtful  fore- 
heads of  so  many  writers  and  statesmen,  and 
the  sweet  smiles  of  so  many  noble  matrons,  it 
liad  induced  parr  to  susi^end  his  labors  in  that 
dark  and  j^rofound  mine  from  whicli  he  had  ex- 


PUNCTUATION. 

tracted  a  vast  treasure  of  erudition,  a  treasure 
too  often  buried  in  the  earth,  too  often  paraded 
with  injudicious  and  inelegant  ostentation,  but 
still  precious,  massive,  and  sj)lendid,  there  ap- 
peared the  voluptuous  charms  of  her  to  whom 
the  heir  of  the  throne  had  in  secret  plighted  his 
faith,  there  too  was  she,  the  beautiful  mother  of 
a  beautiful  race,  the  saint  cecilia  whose  delicate 
features,  lighted  up  by  love  and  music,  art  has 
rescued  from  the  common  decay,  there  were  the 
members  of  that  brilliant  society  which  quoted, 
criticised,  and  exchanged  repartees,  under  the 
rich  peacock-hangings  of  mrs.  montague,  and 
there  the  ladies  whose  lips,  more  persuasive  than 
those  of  fox  himself,  had  carried  the  Westminster 
election  against  palace  and  treasury,  shone  round 
georgiana,  duchess  of  devonshire, 

the  sergeants  made  proclamation,  bastings 
advanced  to  the  bar,  and  bent  his  knee,  the  cul- 
prit was  indeed  not  unworthy  of  that  great  pres- 
ence, he  had  ruled  an  extensive  and  populous 
country,  had  made  laws  and  treaties,  had  sent 
forth  armies,  had  set  up  and  pulled  down  princes, 
and  in  his  high  place  he  had  so  borne  himself, 
that  all  had  feared  him,  that  most  had  loved 
him,  and  that  hatred  itself  could  deny  him  no 
title  to  glory,  except  virtue,  he  looked  like  a 
great  man,  and  not  like  a  bad  man,  a  person 
small  and  emaciated,  yet  deriving  dignity  from 
a  carriage  which,  while  it  indicated  deference  to 
the  court,  indicated  also  habitual  self-possession 
and  self-respect,  a  high  and  intellectual  fore- 
head, a  brow  pensive,  but  not  gloomy,  a  mouth 
of  inflexible  decision,  a  face  pale  and  worn,  but 
serene,  on  which  was  written,  as  legibly  as  under 
the  picture  in  the  council-chamber  at  Calcutta, 
7nens  cequa  in  arduis. 


36  LBILL    BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 


Exercise   7. 

Correct  the  errors  in  the  foUoiving.     Pay  especial  attention 
to  punctuation  and  parafjrajthing. 

DEATH  OF  LONG  TOM  COFFIN. 

when  the  tide  falls  said  dilloii  in  a  voice  that 
betrayed  the  agony  of  fear  though  his  words 
expressed  the  renewal  of  hope  we  shall  be  able 
to  walk  to  land  there  was  one  and  only  one  to 
whose  feet  the  waters  were  the  same  as  a  dry 
deck  i-eturned  the  coxswain  and  none  but  such 
as  have  his  power  will  ever  be  able  to  walk  from 
these  rocks  to  the  sands  the  old  seaman  paused 
and  turning  his  eyes  which  exhibited  a  mingled 
expression  of  disgust  and  compassion  on  his 
companion  he  added  with  reverence  had  you 
thought  more  of  him  in  fair  weather  your  case 
would  be  less  to  be  pitied  in  this  tempest  do  you 
still  think  there  is  much  danger  asked  dillon  to 
them  that  have  reason  to  fear  death  listen  do 
you  hear  that  hollow  noise  beneath  ye  tis  the 
wind  driving  by  the  vessel  tis  the  poor  thing 
herself  said  the  aifected  coxswain  giving  her 
last  groans  the  water  is  breaking  upon  her  decks 
and  in  a  few  minutes  more  the  handsomest 
model  that  ever  cut  a  wave  will  be  like  the  chips 
that  fell  from  her  in  framing  why  then  did  you 
remain  here  cried  dillou  wildly  to  die  in  my  cof- 
fin if  it  should  be  the  will  of  god  returned  tom 
these  waves  are  to  me  what  the  land  is  to  you  I 
was  born  on  them  and  I  have  always  meant  that 
they  shall  be  my  grave  but  i  i  shrieked  dillon  I 
am  not  ready  to  die  i  cannot  die  i  will  not  die 
poor  wretch  muttered  his  companion  you  must 
go  like  the  rest  of  us  when  tlie  death-watch  is 
called  none  can  skulk  from  the  muster  i  can 


PUNCTUATION.  37 

swim  dillon  continued  rushing  with  frantic 
eagerness  to  the  side  of  tiie  wreck  is  there  no 
billet  of  wood  no  rope  that  i  can  take  with  me 
none  everything  has  been  cut  away  or  carried 
off  by  the  sea  if  you  are  about  to  strive  for  your 
life  take  with  you  a  stout  heart  and  a  clean  con- 
science and  trust  the  rest  to  god  god  echoed  dil- 
lon in  the  madness  of  his  frenzy  i  know  no  god 
there  is  no  god  that  knows  me  peace  said  the 
deep  tones  of  the  coxswain  in  a  voice  that 
seemed  to  speak  in  the  elements  blasphemer 
peace  the  heavy  groaning  produced  by  the  water 
in  the  timbers  of  the  arlel  at  that  moment  added 
its  impulse  to  the  raging  feelings  of  dillon  and 
he  cast  himself  headlong  into  the  sea  the  water 
thrown  by  the  rolling  of  the  surf  on  the  beach 
was  necessarily  returned  to  the  ocean  in  eddies 
in  different  places  favorable  to  such  an  action 
of  the  element  into  the  edge  of  one  of  these 
counter-currents  that  was  produced  by  the  very 
rocks  on  which  the  scliooner  lay  and  which  the 
watermen  call  the  under-tow  dillon  had  unknow- 
ingly thrown  his  person  and  when  the  wave^  had 
driven  him  a  short  distance  from  the  wreck  he 
was  met  by  a  stream  that  his  most  desperate 
efforts  could  not  overcome  he  was  a  light  and 
powerful  swimmer  and  the  struggle  was  hard 
and  protracted  with  the  shore  immediately  be- 
fore his  eyes  and  at  no  great  distance  he  was 
led  as  by  a  false  phantom  to  continue  his  efforts 
although  they  did  not  advance  him  a  foot  the 
old  seaman  who  at  first  had  watched  his  motions 
with  careless  indifference  understood  the  danger 
of  his  situation  at  a  glance  and  forgetful  of  his 
own  fate  he  shouted  aloud  in  a  voice  that  was 
driven  over  the  struggling  victim  to  the  ears  of 
his  shipmates  on  the  sands  sheer  to  port  and 
clear  the  under-tow  sheer  to  the  southward  dil- 
lon heard  the  sounds  but  his  faculties  were  too 


38  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISB. 

much  obscured  by  terror  to  distinguish  their 
object  he  however  blindly  yielded  to  the  call 
and  gradually  changed  his  direction  until  his 
face  was  once  more  turned  towards  the  vessel 
toni  looked  around  him  for  a  rope  but  all  had 
gone  over  with  the  spars  or  been  swept  away  by 
the  waves  at  this  moment  of  disappointment  his 
eyes  met  those  of  the  desperate  dillon  cabn  and 
inured  to  horrors  as  was  the  veteran  seaman  he 
involuntarily  passed  his  hand  before  his  brow 
to  exclude  the  look  of  despair  he  encountered 
and  when  a  moment  afterwards  he  removed  the 
rigid  member  he  beheld  the  sinking  form  of  the 
victim  as  it  gradually  settled  in  the  ocean  still 
struggling  with  regular  but  impotent  strokes  of 
the  arms  and  feet  to  gain  the  wreck  and  to  pre- 
serve an  existence  that  had  been  so  nmch  abused 
in  its  hour  of  allotted  probation  he  will  soon 
meet  his  god  and  learn  that  his  god  knows  him 
murmured  the  coxswain  to  himself  as  he  yet 
spoke  the  wreck  of  the  ariel  yielded  to  an  over- 
whelming sea  and  after  a  universal  shudder  her 
timbers  and  planks  gave  way  and  were  swept 
towards  the  cliffs  bearing  the  body  of  the  simple- 
hearted  coxswain  among  the  ruins 


GEAM3IAE   AND  BIIETORIC.  39 


CHAPTER   V. 
grammar  and  rhetoric. 

Rules  of  Concord. 

1.  A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  number  and 
person. 

Doesn't  he  know ;  not  Don't  he  know. 

2.  An  appositive  agrees  with  its  subject  in  case. 

AVashington,  Franklin,  Lincoln,  and  the  other  noted  patriots, 
they  [)iot  them^  whom  all  revere,  are  proper  models  for  the  young. 

3.  When  the  subject  consists  of  singular  nouns  or 
pronouns  connected  by  mid,  the  verb  is  plural. 

James  and  Charles  are  [not  is']  here. 

4.  When  plural  nouns  or  several  connected  nouns 
convey  but  one  idea,  they  take  a  verb  in  the  singular. 

Bread  and  butter  forms  [uot/orwi]  a  good  diet. 

5.  When  the  subject  consists  of  singular  nouns  or 
pronouns  connected  by  or,  either  . . .  or,  or  neither. . .  nor, 
the  verb  must  be  singular. 

Either  John  or  James  is  [not  are']  at  the  station. 

The  best  usage  requires  that  no  verb  be  omitted  unless 
it  is  in  the  same  form  as  a  corresponding  verb  that  is 
expressed  (see  rule  Tl),  but  many  writers  obey  the 
following,  — 


40  BRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

6.  A  verb  having  several  subjects  agrees  with  the 
nearest ;  l)ut  a  verb  having  two  subjects,  one  affirmative 
and  one  negative,  agrees  with  the  affirmative  subject. 

The  common  soldiers,  not  the  general,  have  [not  has}  won  this 
battle. 

7.  A  collective  noun  has  a  singular  verb  when  it 
conveys  the  idea  of  unity ;  a  plural  verb,  when  it  con- 
veys the  idea  of  plurality. 

The  army  have  shouldered  their  knapsacks. 
The  army  has  won  a  victory. 

8.  Adjectives  that  imply  number  must  agree  with 
their  nouns. 

Every  man  is  worthy. 

Many  soldiers  were  wounded. 

Uach,  every^  either^  neither,  many  «,  this,  that,  much, 
little,  less,  and  least  are  singular ;  these,  those,  many,  fe?v, 
feiver,  and  feivest  are  plural ;  all,  some,  no,  any,  and  other 
may  be  either  singular  or  plural. 

9.  A  pronoun  agrees  witli  its  antecedent  in  number, 
person,  and  gender. 

Every  hen  knows  her  own  chicks. 

The  most  frequent  and  perhaps  the  most  disagreeable 
inconsistency  in  the  use  of  pronouns  is  the  use  of  the 
})lural  to  represent  such  words  as  anybody,  nobody,  every- 
body, one,  singular  nouns  separated  by  or  or  nor,  and 
singular  nouns  qualified  by  such  adjectives  as  each, 
every,  etc. 

Anybody  can  get  his  [not  thei?-']  old  shoes  repaired  here. 

People  who  live  [not  lires]  in  glass  houses  should  not  throw 
stones. 


GIiA]\niAR  AND  RHETORIC.  41 

Rules  for  the  Use  of  Forms. 

10.  The  subject  of  a  verb  is  in  the  nominative  case. 
Yoii  and  I  [not  me]  went  to  Europe. 

11.  The  object  of  a  transitive  verb  or  of  a  preposition 
is  in  the  objective  case. 

He  saw  her  and  me  [not  /]. 

He  bought  it  for  you  and  me  [not  /]. 

Whom  [not  ivho']  were  you  talking  to? 

12.  The  verb  to  be  has  the  same  case  after  it  as 
before  it. 

I  think  it  to  be  him.  It  is  he. 

The  predicate  word  has  not  necessarily  the  same  per- 
son, number,  or  gender. 

This  rule  applies  also  to  the  verb  become  and  to  sev- 
eral other  intransitive  verbs,  and  to  the  passive  voice  of 
the  transitive  verbs,  to  be  natned,  to  be  called,  etc. 

13.  In  joint  ownership,  the  last  noun  only  takes  the 
possessive  sign. 

Smith  and  Brown's  store  is  large. 

14.  In  separate  ownership,  every  noun  takes  the  pos- 
sessive sign. 

Smith's  and  Brown's  stores  were  burned. 

15.  When  a  noun  in  the  possessive  is  immediately 
followed  by  an  appositive,  it  omits  the  possessive  sign, 
and  the  appositive  retains  it.  The  appositive  of  a  noun 
in  the  possessive  should  not  be  separated  from  its 
subject. 

I  bought  the  spice  at  Brown  [not  Brown's']  the  grocer's. 


42  BRILL  BOOK  ly   ENGLISH. 

16.  A  complex  substantive  expression  aclcLs  the  pos- 
sessive sign  to  the  hxst  word  only. 

Henry  the  First's  successor. 

Anybody  else's  horse  would  have  been  frightened. 

17.  Use  the  possessive  case  before  gerunds. 
I  have  no  faith  in  his  [not  him']  paying  his  debts. 

18.  Be  careful  not  to  use  the  past  tense  for  the  per- 
fect participle,  or  the  perfect  participle  for  the  past 
tense. 

I  began  [not  begun]  in  the  morning. 
He  had  eaten  [not  ale]  his  dinner. 

19.  A  proposition  true  for  all  time  is  stated  in  the 
present  tense,  even  when  the  rest  of  the  report  is  in 
the  past. 

He  told  nie  that  truth  is  beyond  all  price. 

20.  When  an  infinitive  refers  to  a  time  earlier  than 
that  referred  to  \)y  the  finite  verb,  the  perfect  inhnitive 
should  be  used. 

He  is  said  to  have  set  fire  to  the  house. 

21.  The  infinitive  omits  the  sign  after  bid,  let,  feel, 
need,  make,  see,  and  a  few  other  verbs. 

He  bade  me  go  [not  to  go]. 

22.  When  the  infinitive  refers  to  the  same  time  as 
the  princii)al  verb,  or  to  a  subsequent  time,  it  is  put  in 
the  present  tense. 

He  was  said  to  be  ill. 

23.  The  future  tense  is  used  in  two  ways,  called  by 
Dr.  Latham  the  predictive  and  the  promissive. 


GRAMMAR    AND   RHETORIC.  43 

In  the  predictive  form,  shall  is  the  auxiliary  of  the 
first  person,  will  of  the  second  and  third  persons ;  thus, 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  shall  write.  We  shall  write. 

2.  Thou  wilt  write.  You  will  write. 

3.  He  will  write.  They  will  write. 

In  the  promissive  form,  ivill  is  the  auxiliary  of  the 
first  person,  shall  of  the  second  and  third  persons ;  thus, 

vSINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  will  write.  We  will  write. 

2.  Thou  shalt  write.  You  shall  write. 

3.  He  shall  write.  They  shall  write. 

The  predictive  form  of  the  future  tense  is  used  in 
simple  assertions  of  futurity  ;  the  promissive  form  is 
used  to  express  the  purpose  of  the  speaker. 

In  questions  the  same  auxiliary  is  to  be  used  that  is 
expected  in  the  answer.  In  clauses,  shall  is  used  as  the 
predictive  auxiliary  in  all  persons,  and  will  as  the  pro- 
missive  auxiliary. 

Shall  you  go?  I  shall.  [Predictive.] 

Will  you  go?  I  will.  [Promissive.] 

When  you  [shall]  find  him,  you  will  rejoice. 

Note.  — Kule  23  does  not  include  all  the  distinctions  in  the  use  of 
sJutll  and  ivill. 

24.  Would  and  should  follow  the  rules  iov  shall  and 
tvill  in  similar  circumstances. 

If  he  should  go,  he  would  find  his  friend. 
If  I  should  go,  I  should  find  my  friend. 


44  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 


Rules  for  the  Relation  of  Words. 

25.  Every  word  should  have  some  recognized  gram- 
matical use. 

Incorrect :    Having  failed  in  this,  no  further  trial  was  made. 

26.  Every  finite  verb  should  have  a  subject  expressed 
or  understood. 

Incorrect :   This  proved  better  than  was  expected. 

27.  Every  transitive  verb  requires  an  object,  expressed 
or  understood. 

Incorrect :  Smith  is  a  vain  fellow  who  if  we  do  not  flatter  he 
will  annoy  us. 

28.  Do  not  use  an  intransitive  verb  transitively. 
The  yeast  will  raise  [not  rise]  the  bread. 

29.  Do  not  use  a  word  as  the  object  of  two  preposi- 
tions, or  of  a  verb  and  a  preposition ;  repeat  the  noun, 
or  insert  a  pronoun. 

He  was  a  friend  of  Mr.  Brown  and  often  visited  him ;  not  He 
was  a  friend  of  and  often  visited  Mr.  Broicn. 

30.  The  personal  [)ronouns  of  the  third  person,  except 
the  indefinite  it^  should  have  an  antecedent  expressed 
in  the  context. 

People  [not  they']  who  live  in  glass  houses  should  not  throw 
stones. 

This  rule  is  not  always  observed  even  by  careful 
writers. 

31.  The  antecedent  of  a  relative  pronoun  sliould  be 
a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  nominative  or  in  the  objective 


GRAMMAR   AND  RHETORIC.  45 

case,  or  a  phrase,  a  clause,  or  a  sentence,  used  as  a 
noun. 

It  is  the  house  of  the  man  [not  the  man's  house^  who  lives  in 
Florida. 

32.  A  pronoun  and  its  grammatical  antecedent  should 
,4enote  the  same  person  or  thing. 

Incorrect :  Leather  shoes  which  had  formerly  been  made  of 
wood  now  appeared  in  France. 

33.  Do  not  use  adjectives  for  adverbs,  or  adverbs  for 
adjectives. 

He  writes  well  [not  good']. 

34.  If  a  proposition  is  intended  to  be  negative,  it 
must  contain  only  one  negative  word  or  phrase. 

He  has  [not  hasn't']  no  bread. 

35.  The  subjunctive  mood  is  used  in  speaking  of 
something  uncertain  or  merely  thought  of  as  possible. 

1.  In  a  condition  ;  as, 

If  I  were  tired,  I  should  rest.         [Present,  contrary  to  fact.] 
If  he  go,  they  will  come.  [Future,  uncertain.] 

2.  In  a  wish  ;  as, 
Thy  kingdom  come. 

3.  In  a  purpose  ;  as, 
Judge  not  that  ye  be  not  judged. 

The  last  two  examples  may  well  be  regarded  as  ellip- 
tical forms  of  the  potential  mode ;  thus,  [May]  thy 
kingdom  come.  Judge  not  that  ye  [may]  not  be  judged. 


46  DRILL  BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

36.  Be  careful  to  use  corresponding  forms  of  verbs 
in  principal  and  subordinate  propositions. 

Incorrect :    If  he  I'eceived  your  letter,  he  would  have  come. 
Correct :    If  he  had  received  your  letter,  he  would  have  come. 

37.  In  making  comparisons,  be  sure  that  there  is  a 
similarity  in  the  things  or  qualities  compared. 

Incorrect :    Their  notions  are  similar  to  INIr.  Brown. 
Correct :    Their  notions  are  similar  to  those  of  Mr.  Brown. 

In  making  contrasts,  be  sure  that  the  things  contrasted 
have  opposite  qualities. 

38.  Use  the  comparative  degree  when  two  objects  or 
classes  are  compared,  the  superlative  when  more  than 
two  are  compared. 

He  is  the  better  of  the  two. 
He  is  the  best  of  all. 

39.  Avoid  double  forms  of  comparison. 

Incorrect :    This  is  the  most  costliest  garment  in  the  shop. 
Correct :    This  is  the  most  costly  garment  in  the  shop. 

40.  AVhen  a  thing  is  compared  with  everything  else 
of  the  same  class,  use  the  comparative  degree  with  other 
(or  equivalent  word)  ;  or  use  the  superlative  degree 
without  other  (or  equivalent  word). 

The  Herald  has  a  larger  circulation  than  any  other  paper. 

41.  When  the  comparative  degree  is  used,  the  latter 
term  of  comparison  should  exclude  the  former ;  when 
the  superlative  is  used,  the  latter  term  should  include 
the  former. 

He  is  the  greatest  of  all  poets. 
He  is  a  greater  poet  than  Milton. 


GBAMMAll  AND  BHETOEIC.  47 

42.  Some  adjectives  express  a  quality  incapable  of 
increase  or  diminution;  as,  chief,  extreme,  universal,  etc. 
In  such  cases,  the  comparative  and  superlative  termina- 
tions should  not  be  used. 

Incoi'rect :    He  is  the  chief  est  of  sinners. 
Correct :    He  is  the  chief  of  sinners. 

43.  The  co-ordinate  conjunctions,  and,  or,  but,  etc., 
join  co-ordinate  Avords,  phrases,  clauses,  or  sentences. 
The  word,  phrase,  clause,  or  sentence  following  the 
conjunction  must  therefore  be  similar  to  that  preced- 
ing it. 

The  opinions  are  mine,  and  for  them  [not  loliicK]  no  one  else  is 
responsible. 

Applying  this  general  rule  to  a  particular  case,  we 
may  say  tliat  a  co-ordinate  conjunction  can  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  relative  clause  only  when  it  is  also  preceded 
by  one. 

Rules  for  Arrangement. 

44.  In  the  use  of  the  personal  pronouns  in  the  singu- 
lar, the  second  person  precedes  the  others,  and  the  third 
person  precedes  the  first. 

You  and  I  will  go.         He  and  T  will  go.        You  and  he  will  go. 
In  confessions  the  first  person  precedes  the  others. 

45.  Place  prepositions  before  the  relative  pronouns 
governed  by  them. 

Correct :    The  man  of  whom  we  read. 
Incorrect :    The  man  whom  we  read  of. 

That  precedes  its  governing  proposition. 
The  ship  that  we  fired  upon  soon  sank. 


48  BRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

46.  Adverbs,  adjectives,  phrases,  and  clauses  should 
be  placed  near  the  words  that  they  modify. 

Correct :    His  dexterity  appeared  almost  miraculous. 
Incorrect :    His  dexterity  almost  appeared  miraculous. 

The  word  onlt/  requires  especial  care. 

Correct :    He  rents  the  store  only. 
Incorrect :    He  only  rents  the  store. 

47.  An  adverb  should  not  be  placed  between  the 
infinitive  and  its  auxiliary  to. 

Correct :    The  alumni  are  requested  to  answer  promptly. 
Incorrect :    The  alunmi  are  requested  to  promptly  answer. 

48.  When  either . . .  or,  neither  . . .  nor,  whether ..  .or, 
not  only . . .  but  also,  both  . . .  and,  etc.,  are  used  correla- 
tively,  each  correlative  should  be  followed  immediately 
by  the  same  construction. 

CoiTect :    He  answered  neither  my  letter  nor  my  card. 
Incorrect :   He  neither  answered  my  letter  nor  my  card. 


Rules  for  the  Choice  of  Words. 

49.  Use,  as  far  as  possible,  simple  words  of  our  mother- 
tongue. 

Correct :   They  shared  the  gains. 

Incorrect :    They  participated  in  the  pecuniary  advantages. 

50.  Avoid  all  new,  strange,  foreign,  provincial,  and 
slang  words  and  phrases. 

Correct :    He  understood  the  teacher. 

Incorrect :    He  caught  on  to  the  teacher's  remarks. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  49 

51.  Do  not  use  poetical  words  in  prose  composition. 

Correct :   His  horse  was  in  the  meadow. 
Incorrect :   His  steed  was  in  the  lea. 

52.  The  pronouns  formed  by  the  addition  of  self  and 
selves  to  some  of  the  personal  pronouns  cannot  be  used 
as  personal  pronouns. 

Mr.  A.  and  I  [not  myself^  will  do  it. 

They  are  properly  used  only  as  direct  and  indirect 
reflexives,  and  as  intensives. 

53.  In  general,  ivho  relating  to  persons,  and  ivhieh 
relating  to  things,  are  best  use/1  as  non-restrictive  rela- 
tives;  and  that  is  best  used  as  a  restrictive  relative. 

Non-restrictive :  Horses,  which  are  very  useful  animals,  are 
found  wild  in  Brazil. 

Restrictive  :  Horses  that  become  very  useful  animals  are  found 
wild  in  Brazil. 

Some  good  writers  wholly  disregard  this  rule.  It  is 
always  subject  to  the  following  exceptions :  — 

That  should  not  be  used  (1)  when  the  antecedent  is 
modified  by  the  adjective  that,  (2)  when  the  antecedent 
is  governed  by  a  preposition,  and  (3)  when  the  relative 
is  separated  by  a  phrase  or  a  clause  from  its  antecedent 
or  its  verb. 

That  should  be  used  (1)  when  there  are  two  antece- 
dents, one  requiring  ivho  and  the  other  requiring  which, 
(2)  after  a  superlative,  (3)  after  same,  (4)  after  all  or 
any  similar  antecedent  expressing  a  general  meaning 
limited  by  the  following  clause,  (5)  after  ivho  used  inter- 
rogatively, (6)  after  it  used  indefinitely. 

It  was  my  father  that  [not  tcAo]  said  it. 

The  lady  and  the  lap-dog  that  [not  which']  we  saw. 


50 


DRILL   HOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 


54.  The  adverbs  vert/  and  too  may  be  used  before  an 
adjective  or  an  adverb,  but  should  not  be  used  before  a 
participle. 

Correct:    He  was  too  severely  injured  to  travel. 
Incorrect :  He  was  too  injured  to  travel. 

Some  words  may  be  used  both  as  adjectives  and  as 
participles,  and  are  therefore  qualified  in  the  one  case 
by  very,  and  in  the  other  by  ve7-j/  much. 

The  debate  was  very  animated. 

He  was  very  much  animated  by  the  hope  of  success. 

55.  Be  careful  to  use  the  preposition  or  conjunction 
that  corresponds  to  the^ifcceding  word. 

Attribute  to  (verb). 
Attribute  o/(noun). 
Betray  to  a  person. 


Absent /(•o??j. 

Access  to. 

Accused  of. 

Acquit  of. 

Adapt  to. 

Affection  for: 

Alienate  from. 

Alliance  icith. 

Bestow  upon. 

Comply  with. 

Depend  upon. 

Dissent  fro7n. 

Made  of. 

Martyr  /or. 

Need  of 

True  to. 

Adverse  to. 

Differ  ivith  a  person  in  opinion. 

Differ //-om  him  in  character. 

Agree  tcillt  a  person. 

Agree  to  a  thing. 

Neither,  nor. 

Either,  or. 


Betray  into  a  thing. 
Confide  to  (active). 
Confide  in  (passive). 
Accord  to  (active). 
Accord  ivith  (passive). 
Compare  to  (for  illustration). 
Compare  with  (for  quality). 
Copy /ro?H  nature. 
Copy  after  a  parent. 
Defend  others  from. 
Defend  ourselves  against. 
Die  of  a,  disease. 
Die  brj  a  sword. 
Reconcile  a  person  to. 
Reconcile  a  thing  icith. 
Both,  and. 

So,  that  (before  finite  verb). 
So,  as  (before  infinitive). 
Such,  us. 
Such,  that  (before  finite  verb). 


GRAMMAR  AND   RHETORIC.  51 

Whether,  or.  As,  in    affirmative    state- 

Though,  yet.  nients. 

Not  only,  but  also.  So, in  negative  and  restric- 

tive statements. 

Use  at  and  in  after  verbs  of  rest ;  to  and  into  after 
verbs  of  motion. 

Fish  live  in  the  river. 
The  boy  fell  into  the  river. 

56.  In  comparisons,  as  follows  the  positive  degree, 
and  than  the  comparative. 

He  is  as  good  as  I. 
He  is  better  than  I. 

This  is  sometimes  forgotten  wlien  positive  and  com- 
parative both  occur  in  the  same  sentence. 

Incorrect :  He  is  as  good  if  not  better  than  his  bi'other. 
Correct :    He  is  as  good  as,  if  not  better  than,  his  brother. 
Note.  —The  arrangement  of  this  sentence  is  objectionable. 

57.  Between  should  be  used  only  when  two  objects  or 
sets  of  objects  are  referred  to.  Among  is  used  when 
more  than  two  objects  or  sets  of  objects  are  referred  to. 

No  love  is  lost  between  them.     [Two.] 

The  apples  were  distributed  among  them.     [More  than  two.] 

58.  What  should  not  be  used  for  the  conjunction  that. 
I  don't  know  but  that  [not  ichut'\  I  shall  go. 

59.  Where  and  ivhen  should  not  be  used  instead  of 
which  and  its  adjuncts. 

This  is  the  city  in  which  [not  ivhere']  he  died. 

This  rule  is  often  violated  by  good  writers. 

60.  Ye  is  a  nominative  form  and  should  never '  be 
used  as  the  object  of  a  verb  or  a  preposition. 

I  tell  you  [not  ^/e]. 


62  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

61.  The  adjectives  either  and  neither  refer  to  one  of 

two  objects. 

Neither  of  them  [two]  was  here. 

Any  one  of  them  [more  than  two]  will  do  it. 

Some  authors  use  each  and  ivhich  only  in  reference  to 
one  of  two  objects. 

62.  The  verb  commence  should  not  be  used  to  govern 
the  infinitive. 

He  began  [not  commenced']  to  accumulate  wealth. 


Repetitions,  Redundancies,  Ellipses,  Etc. 

63.  When  nouns  come  in  a  series,  if  the  first  requires 
an  indefinite  article,  all  require  it. 

Correct :    A  horse  and  a  cow  are  in  the  pasture. 
Incorrect :    A  horse  and  cow  are  in  the  pasture. 

64.  In  a  series,  nouns  that  denote  the  same  person  or 
thing  take  the  article  with  the  first  noun  only. 

The  Governor  and  Commander-in-chief  has  arrived. 

65.  When  several  adjectives  qualify  a  noun  and  only 
one  thing  is  spoken  of,  the  indefinite  article  must  be 
placed  before  the  first  adjective  only. 

A  large  and  enthusiastic  audience  had  assembled.  [One  audi- 
ence.] 

66.  When  several  adjectives  modify  a  noun  and  sev- 
eral things  are  spoken  of,  the  indefinite  article  must  be 
placed  before  each  adjective. 

A  large  and  an  enthusiastic  audience  assembled  last  evening. 
[Two  audiences.] 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  63 

67.  When  two  nouns  compared  refer  to  one  person, 
the  first  only  has  the  article ;  when  they  refer  to  two 
persons,  both  have  the  article. 

He  is  a  better  friend  tliau  counsellor.     [One  person.] 
He  is  a  better  friend  than  a  counsellor.     [Two  persons.] 

68.  The  rules  for  repeating  the  definite  article  are 
the  same  as  for  repeating  the  indefinite  article,  but  are 
not  so  rigidly  observed. 

69.  Be  careful  to  insert  or  to  omit  the  article  before 
separate  nouns  as  the  sense  requires. 

Men  [not  the  men]  are  mortal. 

70.  When  a  participial  noun  has  an  article  before  it, 
it  should  have  of  after  it. 

The  reading  of  the  letter  gave  great  satisfaction. 

71.  When  the  verbs  are  different,  they  should  be 
expressed  in  every  member  of  a  sentence. 

He  lives  in  the  city,  and  they  live  in  the  country  [not  they  in  the 
country^ . 

72.  From  should  not  be  used  before  hence^  thence^  and 
whence,  because  it  is  implied  in  these  words. 

Say,  from  this  place,  from  that  place,  from  what  place. 

73.  Do  not  insert  a  preposition  between  a  transitive 
verb  and  its  object. 

He  approves  this  [not  approves  o/this]. 

74.  Avoid  superfluous  words. 

Correct :    He  has  a  large  fortune  [not  has  got']. 
Incorrect :    Hence  you  will  see,  therefore,  he  must  necessarily  be 
in  error. 


54  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

75.    The  relative  pronoun  in  the  nominative  should 
not  be  omitted. 

Incorrect :   This  is  the  man  discovered  the  island. 


Rules  for  Securing  Clearness. 

76.  Use  words  with  propriety  and  precision. 
His  stories  were  incredible  [not  incredulous^. 

77.  Do  not  in  any  sentence  employ  the  same  word  in 
more  than  one  sense. 

The  well  was  nearly  full  [not  ivell filled']. 

78.  When  there  are  two  or  more  words  with  which  a 
participial  phrase  may  be  used,  great  care  should  be 
taken  in  placing  it. 

Incorrect :  I  remember  when  the  French  band  of  Guides  were 
in  this  country,  reading  in  the  Illustrated  News,  etc. 

79.  The  participle  not  used  independently,  even  in 
the  gerundive  use,  should  refer  to  a  noun  or  pronoun 
in  the  nominative  or  the  objective  case. 

Incorrect :    Having  eaten  heartily,  his  powei's  were  dormant. 

80.  An  ellipsis  Avhich  may  be  understood  in  more 
than  one  way  should  not  be  employed. 

Incorrect:    Lovest  thou  me  more  than  these? 

81.  Use  personal  pronouns  with  care. 

Incorrect :  He  told  liis  friend  that  if  he  did  not  feel  better  soon 
he  ought  to  return. 

82.  Do  not  mix  literal  and  metaphorical  language. 

Incorrect :  He  flung  liis  powerful  frame  into  the  saddle,  and  his 
great  soul  into  the  cause. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  55 

83.  Do  not  mix  metaphors. 

Incorrect:   He  took  arms  against  this  avalanche  of  troubles. 

Rules  for  Securing  Unity. 

84.  The  scene  shoiikl  be  changed  as  little  as  possible. 

Incorrect :  He  built  the  house  of  timber  that  was  brought  from 
Palestine,  tlie  land  in  which  the  Saviour  lived  and  wrought  his 
miracles. 

85.  Never  crowd  into  one  sentence  thoughts  which 
have  so  little  connection  that  they  could  be  expressed 
better  in  two  or  three  sentences. 

Incorrect :  The  King  called  together  his  Parliament ;  soon  after 
the  plague  broke  out  in  London. 

86.  Do  not  use  a  parenthesis  in  the  middle  of  a 
sentence.^ 

Incorrect :  The  people  (so  he  said)  had  rights  that  the  King 
ought  to  respect. 

87.  Do  not  attach  a  clause  to  a  sentence  which  would 
be  complete  and  more  expressive  without  it. 

Incorrect :  The  British  hired  Hessians  to  conquer  us,  and  the 
Hessians  were  defeated,  which  added  much  to  Washington's  fame. 

1  This  rule  is  for  tyros.    See  page  23. 


56  BRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 


Exercise  1. 

1.  A  man  may  see  a  metaphor  or  an  alle- 
gor)-  in  a  picture,  as  well  as  read  them  in  a 
description. 

2.  I  had  no  sooner  placed  her  at  my  right 
hand,  by  the  fire,  but  she  opened  to  me  the  rea- 
son of  her  visit. 

3.  A  prudent  wife,  she  shall  be  blessed. 

4.  Not  only  the  counsel's  and  attorney's, 
but  the  judge's  opinion  also  favored  his  cause. 

5.  The  vicious  inclined  dog  was  shot  be- 
fore he  had  bit  any  of  the  children. 

6.  The  boy  brought  some  fruit  for  my  sister 
and  I. 

7.  May  me  and  Amelia  go  for  a  walk? 

8.  He  who  connnitted  the  offence  I  will 
punish. 

9.  Whatever  others  do,  let  thou  and  I  act 
wisely. 

10.  By  sailing  on  so  stormy  a  day  he  run  a 
great  risk. 

11.  He  soon  begun  to  weary  of  having  nothing 
to  do. 

12.  Who  brought  these  flowers  ?     Me. 

13.  He  would  have  went  with  us  had  he  been 
asked. 

14.  The  window  was  broke  yesterday. 

15.  No  new  danger  has  arose. 

X    16.    He  writes  as  the  best  authors  would  have 
wrote,  had  they  written  on  the  same  subject. 

17.  Neither  riches,  nor  honor,  nor  no  such 
blessings  satisfied  him. 

18.  Be  truthful,  nor  take  no  thought  of  false- 
hood. 

19.  We  cannot  by  no  means  permit  you  to  go. 

20.  Both  of  these  opinions  have  the  sanction 
of  the  highest  authority,  and  it  may  be  well  to 
examine  which  of  them  is  the  wisest. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  57 

21.  Shakespeare  is  more  admired  than  any 
English  poet. 

22.  When  reason  doubtful,  like  the  Samian 
letter,  points  him  two  ways,  the  narrowest  is  the 
best. 

23.  This  picture  of  the  king's  does  not  much 
resemble  him. 

24.  I  offer  observations  that  a  long  and  check- 
ered pilgrimage  have  enabled  me  to  make  on 
man. 

25.  Clelia  is  a  vain  woman,  who,  if  we  do  not 
flatter,  she  will  be  disgusted. 

26.  Let's  you  and  I  go  to  the  city. 

27.  John  and  I  was  there. 

28.  The  bridge  is  opposite  Brown's  Brothers'. 

29.  Was  Cain's  and  Abel's  father  thei-e  ? 

30.  We  have  men  and  boy's  clothing. 

31.  There  is  but  little  difference  between  the 
Earth  and  Venus's  diameter. 


Exercise  3. 

1.  The  doctor  said  in  his  lecture  that  fever 
always  produced  thirst. 

2.  The  Annals  of  Florence  are  a  most  im- 
posing work. 

3.  The  Jews  were  always  very  careful  in  the 
observation  of  the  religious  festivals. 

4.  After  a  journey  of  a  week's  endurance  he 
arrived  home. 

5.  The  author  is  distinguished  by  property 
in  the  use  of  words. 

6.  The  messenger  brought  news   of  great 
import. 

7.  I  knew  that  he  was  there,  but  I  had  no 
conscience  of  his  presence. 

8.  Though  learned,  well  bred  ;  and,  though 

well  bred,  sincere ; 
Modestly  bold  and  humanly  severe. 


58  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

9.    He  was  k-anied  in  all  the  ceiemonious 
rites  of  the  chuich. 

10.  He  demeaned  himself  before  his  supe- 
riors. 

11.  Dr.  Dodd  is  a  very  populous  preacher. 

12.  She  parts  her  hair  in  the  centre. 

13.  The  title  of  sage  bestowed  upon  him  by 
his  scholars  was  due  more  to  their  ignorance 
than  his  knowledge. 

14.  Negligence  of  this  leaves  us  exposed  to 
an  uncommon  levity  in  our  conversation. 

15.  The  calamities  of  the  children  were  due 
to  the  neglect  of  their  parents. 

16.  They  manifested  great  candidness 
throughout  the  transaction. 

17.  The  importance  as  well  as  the  authenti- 
calness  of  the  books  has  been  displayed. 

IS.  The  attempt,  however  laudable,  was 
found  to  be  impracticable. 

19.  He  is  our  mutual  benefactor. 

20.  The  river  broke  through  its  banks  and 
the  country  was  overflown. 

21.  The  proposition  for  each  of  us  to  relin- 
quish something  was  accepted,  and  led  to  a  cor- 
dial reconcilement. 

22.  This  paste  will  adhere  labels  to  tin. 

23.  All  the  so]iliis,m  which  has  been  employed 
cannot  obscure  so  plain  a  truth. 

24.  He  w'as  so  ill  that  he  could  not  set  up  at 
all,  but  had  to  lay  in  bed. 

2.5.   He  had  no  less  than  seventy  houses. 

26.  Mr.  Jones  learns  us  geography. 

27.  Conversation  is  the  business,  and  let 
every  one  that  please  add  their  opinion  freely. 

28.  There  are  many  more  shining  qualities 
in  the  mind  of  man,  but  there  are  none  so  use- 
ful as  discretion. 

29.  Frequent  commission  of  crimes  harden 
the  heart. 


GRAMMAR   AND  RHETORIC.  59 

30.  In  OLir  earliest  youth  the  contagion  of 
manners  are  observable. 

31.  The  pyramids  of  Egypt  has  stood  more 
than  three  thousand  years. 

32.  I  saw  Jones,  he  who  discovered  the 
island. 

33.  That  building  must  be  either  a  church 
or  school. 

34.  ^Ye  may  fairly  regard  the  book  as  a  col- 
lection of  youthful  reflections,  as  to  the  advisa- 
bility of  publishing  which  tlie  poet  had  not  yet 
made  up  his  mind,  and  perhaps  had  he  lived 
would  have  suppressed. 

Exercise  3. 

1.  If  I  were  in  his  position,  I  would  not 
have  gone. 

2.  They  would  neither  eat  themselves  nor 
suffer  nobody  else  to  eat. 

3.  Did  you  expect  to  have  heard  so  poor  a 
speech  ? 

4.  I  had  the  phj'sician,  the  surgeon,  and  the 
apothecary's  assistance. 

5.  It  was  Peter  the  Hermit,  him  that  in- 
cited the  crusade. 

6.  Here  come  my  old  friend  and  teacher. 

7.  Having  failed  in  this  attempt  no  fur- 
ther trial  was  made. 

S.  Nothing  but  grave  and  serious  studies 
delight  him. 

9.  Dreams  are  instances  of  that  agility  and 
perfection  which  is  natural. 

10.  It  is  not  for  such  as  us  to  sit  with  the 
princes  of  the  land. 

11.  To  this  lady  he  presented  David  as  his 
mother. 

12.  Of  all  others  he  is  the  ablest  man  they 
have. 


60  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

13.  lie  triisLed  to  have  eciualled  the  Most 
High. 

14.  We  know  little,  individually,  of  his 
hearers. 

15.  The  following  facts  may  or  have  been 
adduced  on  the  other  side. 

1(5.  This  is  the  general,  hinx  that  was 
wounded  at  Gettysburg. 

17.  The  man  and  his  sister  was  drowned. 

18.  I  do  not  care  whether  John  or  William 
come. 

19.  If  Clive  were  victorious  at  Plassey,  it  was 
not  through  numbers. 

20.  Though  the  field  w^ere  badly  tilled,  it  pro- 
duced a  good  crop. 

21.  Though  eating  be  necessary,  man  should 
not  over-eat. 

22.  A  thousand  pounds  are  more  than  I  can 
afford. 

23.  Three  shillings  are  more  than  that  book 
is  worth. 

24.  Eleven  yards  of  the  cloth  are  not  enough 
to  make  a  gown. 

25.  This  change,  though  mainly  owing  to 
their  own  violence,  excited  no  small  indignation 
in  the  minds  of  the  reformers. 

26.  Soon  after  his  master's  death  in  1441 
Caxton  went  abroad. 

27.  After  his  father's  death  one  of  the  Paston 
correspondents  wrote  to  him  several  times  before 
he  heard  that  lie  was  dead. 

28.  He  adopted  Trajan,  then  about  forty 
years  of  age,  and  who  commanded  a  powerful 
army  in  Lower  Germany. 

29.  A  woman  of  exemplary  character  and 
who,  with  her  family,  has  been  for  more  than 
thirty  years  a  tenant  of  the  same  house  in  this 
neighborhood,  has  a  husband  who  is  entirely 
and  permanently  incapacitated  for  work. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  61 


Exercise  4. 

1.  Their  conduct  resembled  a  coward's  who 
is  afraid  to  speak  the  truth. 

2.  Words  should  convey  an  exact  copy  of 
his  idea  who  uses  them. 

3.  The  more  accurately  we  search  into  the 
human  mind  the  stronger  traces  we  find  every- 
where of  His  wisdom  who  made  it. 

■4.  Of  all  other  figures  of  speech,  irony  should 
be  the  most  carefully  employed. 

5.  This  kind  of  wit  is  that  which  abounds 
in  Cowley,  more  than  in  any  author  that  ever 
wrote. 

6.  The  gag  forced  into  the  mouth  of  whom- 
soever lifts  up  his  voice  with  a  pure  heart  to 
preach  his  faith  —  that  gag  I  feel  between  my 
own  lips. 

7.  ISIy  memory  does  not  serve  me  as  to  whom 
it  was. 

8.  We  were  betrayed  by  those  whom  we 
thought  would  sacrifice  everything  to  help  us. 

0.  We  met  young  Brown,  whom  all  agree  is 
very  affable. 

10.  Mr.  Allen  Thorndyke  Rice,  who,  it  is  an- 
nounced, President  Harrison  has  appointed 
American  minister  to  St.  Petersburg,  is  a  dis- 
tinguished journalist. 

11.  An  occasional  interchange  of  newspapers 
was  effected  through  the  medium  of  a  dark  ser- 
vant of  the  Major's,  who  Miss  Tox  was  quite 
content  to  classify  as  a  native. 

12.  Nobody  put  themselves  out  of  their  way 
to  secure  her  comfort. 

13.  Everybody  breakfasts  when  and  where 
they  please. 

14.  Many  a  one  has  gone  out  of  the  world  no 
wiser  in  many  respects  than  when  they  came 
into  it. 


62  DIULL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

1;1.  Neither  flatter  or  coatenin  tlie  rich  or 
the  great. 

10.  Many  ^\"ould  exchange  gladly  their  hon- 
ors, beauty,  and  riches,  for  that  more  quiet  and 
humbler  station,  which  thou  art  now  dissatisfied 
with. 

17.  High  hopes  and  florid  views  is  a  great 
enemy  to  tranquillity. 

18.  Many  persons  will  not  believe  but  what 
they  are  free  from  prejudices. 

19.  I  will  lie  me  down  in  peace,  and  take  my 
rest. 

20.  Don't  he  want  any  help? 

21.  That  ain't  the  right  answer  to  that  ques- 
tion. 

22.  Thei'e  is  a  horse  and  a  cow  in  the  field. 

23.  The  good  temper  of  the  children  charm 
me. 

24.  Each  of  the  workmen  are  worthy  of  their 
wages. 

25.  I  thought  it  was  him. 

26.  I  understood  it  to  be  he. 

27.  Me  and  Tom  Brown  are  going  fishing. 

28.  Between  you  and  T,  I  do  not  trust  him. 

29.  I  suffer  more  from  the  quarrel  than  him. 

30.  Will  you  pass  me  some  of  them  plums  ? 

31.  Jack  didn't  ought  to  tease  his  little 
sister. 

32.  Nothing  but  vain  and  foolish  pursuits 
delight  some  people. 

33.  A  variety  of  pleasing  objects  charm  the 
eye. 

34.  True  dignity  with  softness  of  manners 
were  happily  blended  in  him. 

35.  Not  one  of  them  whom  thou  sees  clothed 
in  purple  and  fine  linen  are  perfectly  happy. 

36.  Thou  should  love  thy  neighbor  as  sin- 
cerely as  thou  loves  thyself. 

37.  The  religion  of  these  people,  as  well  as 
their  customs,  were  clearly  described. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  63 

38.  One  and  nineteen  makes  twenty. 

39.  One  added  to  nineteen  make  twenty. 

40.  She  that  is  idle  and  mischievous  reprove 
sharply. 

41.  He  invited  my  brother  and  I  to  see  his 
library. 

42.  Temperance  and  exercise,  howsoever  lit- 
tle they  may  be  regarded,  they  ai'e  the  best  means 
of  preserving  health. 

43.  I  intended  to  have  called. 

44.  Many  a  man  were  killed. 


Exercise  5. 

1.  We  have  done  no  more  than  it  was  our 
duty  to  have  done. 

2.  He  showed  me  two  kinds,  but  I  did  not 
buy  any  of  them. 

3.  They  told  me  of  liini  liaving  failed. 

4.  He  has  already,  and  will  continue  to  re- 
ceive many  honors. 

5.  The  party  whom   he   invited    was  very 
numerous. 

o.    She  is  the  same  lady  who  sang  so  sweetly. 

7.  After  the  most  strictest  notions  of  the 
sect,  I  lived  a  hermit. 

8.  There  was  more  sophists  than  one. 

9.  If  a  person  have   lived  twenty  or  thirty 
years,  he  should  have  some  experience. 

10.  Either  you  or  I  are  in  the  way. 

11.  One  bullet  entered   his  neck  and  killed 
him  dead. 

12.  When  are  you  going  to  begin  to  start? 

13.  The  resolution  was  carried  unanimously 
by  every  one  present. 

14.  He  has  a  voice  quite  vociferous. 

15.  These  words  were  audibly  heard  by  all 
present. 


64  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

16.  Allow  me  to  express  our  gratitude  for  the 
universal  marks  of  sympathy  shown  to  the  mem- 
ory of  my  late  husband  by  all  who  knew  him. 

17.  Prisoner  was  a  powerfully  built  man. 

18.  He  stooped  down  to  pick  up  a  stone. 

19.  Corns  radically  eradicated  by  a  new  and 
novel  remedy. 

20.  The  name  of  the  town  was  called  Wey- 
mouth. 

21.  The  town  has  a  population  of  only  forty 
thousand  inhabitants. 

22.  At  last  he  returned  back  to  his  brother. 

23.  This  new  innovation  piroved  more  than 
abundantly  sufficient  to  disturb  his  equanimity. 

24.  We  went  alone  to  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain, from  whence  we  were  conducted  by  a  bald- 
headed  guide. 

25.  Carefully  read  your  composition  over 
when  finished,  put  in  the  words  left  out  and 
correct  all  mistakes. 

26.  Nothing  is  more  lovelier  than  virtue. 

27.  Changed  to  a  worser  shape  thou  canst 
not  be. 

28.  I  have  drunk  no  spirituous  liquors  this 
six  years. 

29.  Solid  peace  and  contentment  consists 
neither  in  beauty  nor  riches,  but  in  the  favor  of 
God. 

;30.  A  talent  of  this  kind  would  prove  the 
likeliest  of  any  other  to  succeed. 

31.  He  would  not  be  piersuaded  but  what  I 
was  greatly  in  fault. 

32.  Nothing  shall  die  of  all  that  is  the  chil- 
dren's of  Israel. 

33.  Call  at  Smith's,  the  bookseller  and  sta- 
tioner's. 

34.  We  read  of  Jack's  the  Giant-killer  won- 
derful exploits. 

35.  Ruth  and  I,  and  you  too,  nmst  answer 
for  yourselves. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  65 

Exercise  6. 

1.  His  treatment  by  the  barristei'  who  had 
so  shamefully  abused  the  questionable  privilege 
of  his  profession  to  question  his  integrity,  was 
not  only  forgiven  but  even  justified  by  his  gen- 
erous victim. 

2.  A  fondness  for  show  is,  of  all  other  fol- 
lies, the  most  vain. 

3.  A  more  worthier  man  you  cannot  find. 

4.  The  poor  girl  still  coughs  considerable. 

5.  Chatterton  died  miserable  poor. 

6.  The  French  did  not  feel  the  war  like  we 
did. 

7.  Ganymede  answered  that  he  came  of  as 
good  parentage  as  he  did. 

8.  While  Orlando  was  answering  that  he 
knew  not  what  to  think,  Ganymede  entered  and 
asked  the  Duke  if  he  brought  his  daughter 
whether  he  would  consent  to  her  marriage. 

9.  A  thousand  weary  miles  now  stretch 
Between  my  love  and  I. 

10.  His  wealth  and  him  bid  adieu  to  each 
other. 

11.  Here's  none  but  thee  and  I. 

12.  Let  you  and  I  look  at  these. 

13.  There  is  a  painful  difference  between  the 
founder  of  a  style  and  he  who  imitates  it. 

14.  Who  did  that  come  from? 

15.  Who  was  it  killed  the  bear? 

16.  You  know  surely  that  La  Guyara  and 
the  salvation  of  one  whom  we  believe  dwells 
there,  was  our  first  object  in  this  adventure. 

17.  This  was  as  far  as  he  could  carry  the 
case  that  day,  as  a  witness  whom  he  expected 
would  have  been  present  was  unfortunately 
absent. 

18.  He  saw  on  the  night  of  the  burglary  a 
man  whom  he  believed  was  the  accused. 


QQ  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

19.  It  is  indeed  the  essential  quality  of  a  gen- 
tleman, and  wliich  no  man,  who  ever  was  great 
in  the  field,  can  possibly  be  without. 

20.  To  his  inexpressible  delight  he  beheld  a 
sail  at  a  very  little  distance,  and  which  luckily 
seemed  to  be  making  towards  him. 

21.  A  gentleman  on  board,  and  who  was  in 
my  situation,  rescued  me  from  his  hands. 

22.  The  Board  offer  their  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments for  the  liberal  sujjport  hitherto  so 
freely  extended,  and  which  has  so  greatly  con- 
tributed to  this  satisfactory  result. 

23.  The  prince  or  magistrate,  the  soldier  or 
merchant,  reconciled  their  fervent  zeal  and  im- 
plicit faith  with  the  exercise  of  their  profession, 
tlie  pursuit  of  their  interest,  and  the  indulgence 
of  their  passions. 

24.  Every  one  must  judge  of  their  own  feel- 
ings. 

25.  The  governor  and  the  commander-in- 
chief  [one  person]  has  arrived. 

20.  The  governor  and  commander-in-chief 
[two  persons]  have  arrived. 

27.  She  was  annoyed  by  tlie  presence  of  Mr. 
Jekyl,  whom  her  brother  insisted  should  remain 
to  dinner. 

28.  The  great  teacher  himself,  w  hom  he  might 
fear  would  have  passed  away,  is  waiting. 

29.  She  determined  to  marry  nobody,  let  him 
be  whom  he  might. 

30.  The  sign  of  the  Good  Samaritan  is  writ- 
ten on  the  face  of  whomsoever  opens  to  the 
stranger. 

31.  Whomsoever  they  accused  were  cast  into 
her  peculiar  prisons. 

32.  Either  of  these  three  will  answer. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  67 

Exercise  7. 

1.  Men  were  led  to  false  conclusions,  not 
through  mere  ignorance,  but  from  hastily  assum- 
ing the  correctness  of  the  data  they  reasoned 
from  without  sufficient  grounds. 

2.  This  necessitated  his  being  parted  from 
the  books  which  he  loved  for  a  time. 

3.  I  am  glad  that  you  have  pointed  out  the 
ambiguity  in  the  report,  as  it  enables  me  to  give 
him  the  credit  he  deserves,  by  sending  this  let- 
ter to  the  papers. 

4.  It  is  not  necessary  to  accurately  define 
the  meaning  of  everything  that  is  said. 

5.  I  scarcely  ever  i-emember  to  have  had  a 
rougher  walk.     l_Ever  qualifies  to  have  had.'] 

6.  She  published  a  separate  volume  of  poems, 
and  contributed  many  beautiful  short  pieces  of 
poetry  to  periodicals,  which  are  marked  by  great 
vigor  and  originality. 

7.  He  was  arrested  in  bed,  and  attempted 
to  connnit  suicide  by  firing  a  pistol  at  his  head, 
which  he  liad  concealed  amongst  the  bed-clothes. 

8.  Very  tenderly  does  Arethusa  appeal  to 
her  son  not  to  deprive  her  of  his  protection, 
companionship,  and  help,  who  had  devoted  her 
life  to  him  by  retiring  into  a  monastery. 

9.  Resolve  me  why  the  cottager  and  king, 
Him  whom  sea-severed  realms  obey,  and 

him 
Who  steals  his  whole  dominion  from  the 

waste. 
Repelling  winter  blasts  with  mud  and 

straw. 
Disquieted  alike,  draw  sigh  for  sigh. 

10.  The  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tides  were  ex- 
plained by  Newton. 

11.  John,  James,  or  Charles  will  do  it;  send 
either. 


68  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

12.  Its  convex  surface,  by  raising  the  breast, 
enabled  the  priest  to  perform  liis  dial)olical  task 
more  easily  of  removing  the  lieart. 

13.  The  death  is  announced  from  San  Fran- 
cisco under  melancholy  circumstances  of  Mr. 
A.  H.  C. 

14.  I  would  act  the  same  part  if  I  were  him. 

15.  They  believed  it  to  be  I. 

16.  Whom  do  you  think  it  isV 

17.  Who  do  you  suppose  it  to  be  ? 

18.  They  seemed  to  be  nearly  dressed  alike. 

19.  The  apple  tastes  sweetly. 

20.  Velvet  feels  smoothly. 

21.  I  have  not  had  no  dinner. 

22.  I  will  not  take  that  course  by  no  means. 
'  23.    He  spoke  the  piece  clear  and  distinct. 

24.  Witness  said  that  his  wife's  father  came 
to  his  house  and  he  ordered  him  out,  but  he 
refused  to  go. 

25.  Father  Premare  was  quite  shocked,  and 
said  he  could  only  explain  it,  by  concluding  that 
the  devil  had  practised  a  trick  to  annoy  his 
friends,  the  Jesuits. 

26.  After  my  poor  father's  death,  the  good 
gentleman  took  me  because  he  was  a  captain  in 
his  regiment  and  gave  me  education. 

27.  At  home  I  studied  geometry,  that  I  found 
useful  afterwards. 

28.  This  is  the  friend  which  I  love. 

29.  Man  is  not  such  a  machine  as  a  watch  or 
a  clock  which  move  merely. 

30.  Neither  despise  or  oppose  what  you  do 
not  understand. 

31.  He  is  more  bold  but  not  so  wise  as  his 
companion. 

32.  Will  it  be  urged  that  the  four  Gospels 
are  as  old  or  even  older  than  tradition  ? 

33.  As  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge,  the  book  is 
well  written. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  69 

34.  Sincerity  is  as  valuable,  and  even  more 
so,  as  knowledge. 

35.  An  invitation  was  sent  to  me  and  George. 

Exercise  8. 

1.  So  you  must  ride 

On  horseback  after  we. 

2.  The  boy  stood  on  the  burning  deck 
Whence  all  but  he  had  fled. 

3.  The  money  is  to  be  divided  between  the 
three  brothers. 

4.  Each  clergyman  declares  aloud  that  he 
believes  it  a  dozen  times  every  year. 

5.  He  propounds  revolutionary  sentiments 
sufficient  to  make  a  bishop's  hair  bristle  on  his 
head  in  a  subdued  and  ladylike  voice. 

6.  He  was  driving  away  from  the  church 
where  he  had  been  married  in  a  coach  and  six. 

7.  The  council  is  the  executive,  and  not  the 
committee. 

8.  It  is  reported  from  Sofia  that  ex-King 
Milan  has  declared  that  he  is  going  back  to 
Servia,  to  claim  the  throne  which  he  abandoned 
in  order  to  put  a  stop  to  the  anarchy  which  pre- 
vails there. 

9.  The  carriage  drove  round  ready  packed 
and  loaded  and  absolutely  screaming  with  de- 
light Lady  Juliana  sprang  into  it. 

m.    They  are  all  faithful ;  select  either. 

11.  Nor  does  this  false  modesty  expose  us 
only  to  such  actions  as  are  indiscreet,  but  very 
often  to  such  as  are  highly  criminal. 

12.  I  think  you  will  find  my  German  at  all 
events  as  good  as  his. 

13.  It  is  not  only  hard  to  distinguish  between 
too  little  and  too  much  reform,  but  between  the 
good  and  evil  intentions  of  different  reformers. 

14.  This  cannot  often  at  least  be  done. 


70  LniLL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

15.  "  The  Spirit  of  Laws  "  was  only  completed 
when  the  author  was  sixty  years  of  age. 

16.  The  first  two  named  only  ascended  to 
the  summit. 

17.  Tlie  river  could  only  be  distinguished 
from  the  ocean  by  its  calmness  and  discolored 
water. 

18.  The  crown  can  be  Avorn  only  by  a  Pro- 
testant. 

19.  I  only  spoke  a  very  few  words. 

20.  When  Garrick  appeared,  Peter  was  for 
some  time  in  doubt  whether  it  could  be  him  or 
not. 

21.  The  company  was  very  numerous. 

22.  Thy  INIaker's  will  has  placed  thee  here, 
A  Maker's  wise  and  good. 

23.  He  turned  to  the  left  of  tlie  house  and 
then  he  left  abruptly. 

21.  He  means  to  take  advice  as  to  the  best 
means  of  succeeding. 

25.  In  this  case  the  noun  is  in  the  nomina- 
tive case. 

26.  She  always  leaves  the  leaves  of  her  book 
dirty. 

27.  The  present  satisfies  me  at  present. 

28.  I  do  not  like  to  see  a  boy  write  like  that. 

29.  A  man  of  his  sense  should  have  a  higher 
sense  of  duty. 

30.  I  bought  the  bonnet  at  Smith's  and 
Babb's. 

Exercise  9. 

1.  He  proposed  tlie  study  of  Italian  as  an 
occupation  for  my  idleness. 

2.  The  counsel  tried  to  confound  tlie  wit- 
ness. 

•'».  The  good  man  is  not  overcome  by  disap- 
pointment when   that  which    is  mortal   passes 


GRAMMAR   AND  RHETORIC.  71 

away,  when  that  which  is  mutable  dies,  and 
when  that  which  is  transient  begins  to  change. 

4.  Galileo  discovered  the  telescope  ;  Harvey 
invented  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

5.  Neither  of  the  company  wore  jewels. 

6.  A  lot  of  time  was  wasted  in  endeavoring 
to  reach  her  mental  senses,  which  are  become 
very  obfuscated  through  dissipation. 

7.  As  this  irascible  embodiment  of  senile 
and  impotent  officionsness  evidently  desiderates 
enligliteument,  I  will  answer  his  strictures 
seriatim . 

8.  Afterwards  they  went  in  for  Terpsicho- 
rean  exercises  and  tripped  it  on  the  light  fantas- 
tic till  the  "wee  sma'  hours  ayont  the  twal." 

9.  At  last  the  door  opened  and  Miss  Smith 
put  in  an  appearance. 

10.  He  had  expended  a  considerable  sum  in 
erecting  a  residence. 

11.  There  were  several  old  disciples  of  Izaak 
Walton,  with  several  juvenile  votaries  of  the 
piscatorial  art. 

12.  The  proper  time  to  make  hay  is  while 
the  bright  orb  of  day  hangs  resplendent  in  the 
blue  vault  of  heaven. 

13.  The  infantile  portion  of  the  community 
felt  great  interest  in  her  shop. 

14.  The  accused  was  condemned  to  enjoy 
the  hospitality  of  the  State  for  six  months. 

15.  The  pedestrian  contest  terminated  in  the 
defeat  of  Robinson. 

16.  The  water  escaped  through  small  per- 
forations. 

17.  The  cat  was  lying  in  the  sunny  window 
taking  her  matutinal  nap. 

18.  The  Queen  and  her  suite  was  in  the 
palace. 

19.  He  repents  him  of  that  indiscreet  action. 

20.  It  was  me  and  not  him  that  wrote  it. 


72  BRILL    BOOK   IN   ENGLISH. 

21.  I  am  a  man  who  approves  of  wholesome 
discipline,  and  who  recommend  it  to  others  ;  but 
I  am  not  a  person  who  promotes  severity,  or  who 
object  to  mild  and  generous  treatment. 

22.  Everybody  rises  early  and  goes  to  the 
spring,  where  they  partake  of  the  water  with 
much  energy  and  perseverance. 

23.  Every  girl  should  bring  their  books. 

24.  They  who  had  laid  up  nothing  came  upon 
the  parish  at  once ;  they  who  had  saved  some- 
thing spent  that  first. 

25.  They  who  have  talents  want  industry; 
they  who  have  industry  want  talents. 

26.  I  experienced  little  difficulty  in  distin- 
guishing from  among  the  pedestrians  they  who 
had  business  with  St.  Bartholomew. 

27.  I  see  another  great  man.  whose  mind  is 
a  more  abject  slave  to  his  own  greatness  and  is 
more  tortured  and  racked  by  it  than  those  of  all 
his  vassals. 

28.  No  man  shall  ever  receive  a  favor  at  my 
hands  who  is  guided  by  any  other  law  than  tliat 
of  my  will. 

29.  There  is  one  thing  the  loss  of  which  I 
should  deplore  infinitely  more  than  that  of 
liberty  and  life  also,  I  mean  that  of  a  good 
conscience. 

.30.  He  likewise  produced  some  baked  flesh, 
a  little  resembling  that  of  venison. 

31.  This  is  the  man  killed  the  general. 

32.  The  rich  and  poor  have  a  common 
interest. 

33.  The   man  wore  a   largo,  a  dark,  and   a 
faded  cloak. 

34.  What  is  the  use  of  you  whipping  a  dead 
horse  ? 

35.  I  am  sorry  to  own  that  he  failed  through 
me  neglecting  to  help  him. 

36.  He  trusted  to  me  keeping  his  secret. 


GRAMMAR  ANf)  RHETORIC.  73 

37.  I  am  delighted  at  you  having  succeeded.. 

38.  I    am  annoyed  at   him    being   excluded 
from  the  party. 

Exercise  10. 

1.  Athelstane,  confident  of  his  strength,  and 
to  whom  his  flatterers  at  least  ascribed  great 
skill  in  arms,  had  determined  to  make  him  feel 
the  weight  of  his  battle-axe. 

2.  A  good  substitute  was  found  in  the  maize, 
the  great  agricultural  staple  of  both  the  northern 
and  southern  divisions  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, and  which  after  its  exportation  to  the  old 
World  spread  so  rapidly  as  to  suggest  the  idea 
of  its  being  indigenous  to  it. 

3.  In  this  fight  he  took  the  French  king 
and  his  son  prisoner  and  whom  he  treated  with 
great  respect. 

4.  Neither  of  the  presidents  has  been  re- 
elected twice. 

5.  Ne'er  man  a  more  industrious  spouse  pos- 

sessed, 
Ne'er   children   in    a   mother  was  more 
blessed. 

6.  Eveiy  one  of  these  letters  are  in  my  name. 

7.  The  continual  succession  of  the  small 
craft,  like  the  frequent  repetition  of  all  things 
which  have  nothing  in  them  great,  beautiful,  or 
admirable,  tire  the  eye  and  give  us  distaste  and 
aversion  instead  of  pleasure. 

8.  Neither  of  these  gentlemen  are  kindly 
disposed  to  this  country. 

9.  His  voice  and  manner  was  studiously 
calm. 

10.  The   horse   and    its   rider  make   a  fine 
appearance. 

11.  No  one  gave  his  opinion  so  modestly  as 
he. 


DRILL    BOOK   TN   ENGLISH. 

12.    I  do  not  deny  l)utr  Ik;  lias  merit. 

lo.    We  expected  sornethin;^-  more  besides  this. 

li.  Was  the  singing  any  different  to-night 
than  usual  ? 

15.  He  is  not  only  accused  of  theft  but  of 
mnrdei". 

IG.    I  soon  expect  to  have  finished  my  work. 

17.  This  veil  of  flesh  parts  the  visible  and 
invisible  world. 

18.  It  cannot  be  me  you  mean. 

19.  Praise  from  a  friend  or  censure  from  a 

foe 
Are  lost  on  hearers  that  our  merits  know. 

20.  That  wife  of  my  cousin's  and  that  friend 
of  my  brother's  were  there. 

21.  I  do  not  know  who  you  profess  to  be. 

22.  I  thought  I  should  have  died  with 
laughter. 

23.  Let  me  awake  the  king,  —  he  who  lies 
there  drenched  with  sleep. 

24.  A  red  and  a  white  flag  was  the  only  one 
displayed  from  the  tower. 

25.  A  hot  and  cold  spring  were  found  in  the 
same  neighborhood. 

26.  The  first  and  second  book  are  difficult. 

27.  A  man,  woman,  and  infant  were  riding  in 
the  cars. 

28.  He  comes,  nor  want  nor  cold  his  course 
delay. 

29.  The  terms  rich  or  poor  are  not  so  used. 

30.  The  whole  need  not  a  physician,  but 
them  that  are  sick. 

31.  He  will  in  no  wise  cast  out  whomsoever 
come  unto  him. 

32.  Now,  therefore,  come  thou,  let  us  make  a 
covenant,  T  and  thou. 

33.  In  France  cheap  wood  is  made  to  per- 
fectly imitate  mahogany. 

34.  The  great  historian  and  the  essayist  is  no 
more. 


GRAMMAR  AND   RHETORIC.  75 

35.  There  were  two  men  present ;  him  whom 
I  now  see,  and  another. 

36.  The  crowd  were  immense. 

Exercise    11. 

1.  These  kind  of  verbs  are  very  expressive. 

2.  Early  to  bed  and  early  to  rise 

Makes  a  man  healthy,  wealthy,  and  wise, 

3.  Mankind  is  appointed  to  live  in  a  future 
state. 

4.  The  blessings  that  political  and  intellect- 
ual freedom  have  brought  in  their  train,  etc. 

5.  The  logical  and  historical  analysis  of  a 
language  generally  in  some  degree  coincides. 

6.  It  could  not  have  been  her. 

7.  Did  you  see  the  man  and  the  dog  which 
passed  this  way  ? 

8.  I    intend    to    immediately    retire    from 
business. 

9.  I  think  I  will  return  home  next  week. 

10.  In  the  sister  island,  indeed,  we  had  read 
of  such  horrors. 

11.  Metal  tyjies  were  now  introduced,  which 
before  this  time  had  been  made  of  wood. 

12.  No  man  ever  bestowed  such  a  gift  upon 
his  kind. 

13.  Wherever  the  giant  came,  all  fell  before 
him  ;  but  the  dwarf  had  liked  to  have  been 
killed  more  than  once. 

14.  Hoping  I  shall  soon  hear  from  you,  be- 
lieve me  yours  truly. 

15.  The  man  whom  you  thought  was  a  phi- 
lanthropist turns  out  to  be  a  scoundrel. 

16.  I  would  like  to  know  whose  hat  this  is. 

17.  Sailing  up  the  river,  the  whole  town  may 
be  seen. 

18.  This  is  either  a  man  or  a  woman's  voice, 
coming  from  John  and  Henry's  apartment. 


76  BRILL    BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

19.  This  scissors  ai*e  dull. 

20.  We  heard  of  your  honor  coming  to  town, 

21.  Day  and  night  are  a  consequence  of  the 
earth  i-evolving  on  its  axis. 

22.  He  had  a  large  family,  and  by  these 
means  was  prevented  from  laying  up  money. 

23.  Sir  Theodore  was  one  of  the  few  South 
Sea  directors  who  (though  he  lost  considerably) 
did  not  lose  his  character. 

24.  Spencer  is  one  of  the  poets  that  adorns 
"the  spacious  times  of  great  Elizabeth." 

25.  There  is  not  one  of  his  poems  that  are 
not  worthy  of  careful  study. 

26.  Carbon  is  one  of  the  substances  that  is 
difficult  to  fuse. 

27.  Ilis  book  is  one  of  the  best  that  has  been 
■written  on  the  subject. 

28.  Not  you,  but  Mary  are  the  best  scholar. 


Exercise  12. 

1.  The  cares  of  life  or  the  deceitfulness  of 
riches  have  choked  the  seeds  of  virtue. 

2.  He  or  I  are  certain  to  come. 

3.  You  or  he  are  diligent  in  study. 

4.  If  he  was  your  friend  he  would  defend  you. 

5.  If  the  boy  desire  to  get  on  lie  does  not  use 
the  right  means. 

6.  Though  honesty  be  the  best  policy  some 
people  do  not  practise  it. 

7.  You  shall  soon  see  whether  I  be  master. 

8.  Though  I  be  absent  from  yon  in  the  flesh 
I  am  present  with  you  in  the  spirit. 

9.  AVho  but  must  laugh  if  such  a  man  tlmre 
be. 

10.  Take  heed  lest  passion  sways  thy  judg- 
ment. 

11.  The  club  meet  on  Tuesday. 


GRAMMAR   AND  RHETORIC.  77 

12.  Gliding  along  its  passages,  many  a  word 
was  uttered. 

13.  Looking  back  on  the  affair  after  the 
lapse  of  years,  the  chief  mistake  seems  to  have 
been  the  simultaneity  of  the  new  ecclesiastical 
arrangement  and  the  advent  of  the  Cardinal 
Archbishop. 

14.  Amazed  at  the  alteration  in  his  manner, 
every  sentence  that  he  uttered  increased  her 
embarrassment. 

15.  His  career  was  cut  short  in  the  youth  of 
his  popularity  having  been  killed  in  a  duel  by 
Aaron  Burr. 

16.  Not  having  seen  them  for  some  years, 
her  arrival  caused  considerable  excitement. 

17.  Who  counted  the  money  ?  Both  the  clerk 
and  me. 

18.  lie  must  be  a  wiser  man  than  me. 

19.  If  I  was  well,  I  should  go. 

20.  Congress  have  adjourned. 

21.  I  expected  to  have  ploughed  my  land 
last  Monday. 

22.  I  called  on  him  and  wished  to  have  sub- 
mitted my  manuscript  to  him. 

23.  They,  supposing  him  to  have  been  in  the 
company,  went  a  day's  journey. 

24.  He  w^ould  have  been  able  to  have  cele- 
brated his  triumph  fitly. 

25.  I  meant  to  have  learned  my  lessons  thor- 
oughly. 

26.  It  is  a  long  road  has  no  turning. 

27.  Smith's  the  baker's  horse  was  killed. 

28.  For  the  Son's  of  Man's  sake. 


78  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

Exercise   13. 

1.  I  have  left  my  father  lying  across  his 
bed,  and  uncle  Toby  in  his  old  fringed  chair, 
sitting  beside  him,  and  promised  1  would  go 
back  to  them  in  half  an  hour. 

2.  "By  all  that  is  good  and  great,  brother 
Toby,"  said  my  father,  "  if  it  was  not  for  the  aid 
of  philosophy,  which  befriended  one  so  nuich  as 
they  do,  you  would  put  a  man  beside  all  temper." 

3.  The  colonists  shot  down  the  natives  for 
killing  the  sheep  as  if  they  were  birds. 

4.  The  above  is  the  Persian  tradition,  who 
date  the  cause  and  origin  of  their  enmity  to 
Greece  from  the  destruction  of  Troy. 

5.  Agreeably  to  the  will  of  his  father  Crcesus 
took  possession  of  the  throne,  but  destroyed  this 
man  who  had  opposed  him,  with  a  fuller's 
instrument. 

6.  Their  favorite  resorts  are  the  low  islands 
in  the  river  where  they  are  seen  basking  in  the 
sun,  the  most  intense  heat  of  which  seems  grati- 
fying to  them  by  numbers  at  a  time. 

7.  It  comes  from  Arabia  to  the  temple  bear- 
ing the  dead  body  of  its  parent  in  myrrh  which 
it  buries. 

8.  Already  several  juvenile  representatives 
of  the  population  have  been  unable  to  withstand 
the  temptation. 

9.  A  martyr  to  the  crowing  of  a  too  matu- 
tinal chanticleer  applied  for  address  at  the  police 
court  last  week.  Swiftly  following  the  martyr 
in  question  comes  the  victim  of  the  ululation  of 
the  canine  species. 

''  10.   I  proceed  to  lay  down  the  rules  to  be  ob- 

served in  the  conduct  of  metaphors  and  wliich 
are  much  the  same  for  tropes  of  every  kind. 

11.  Next  comes  a  trap  of  great  efficacy,  but 
which  answers  better  for  mice  than  rats. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  79 

12.  The  enterprise  I  neither  attempted  to 
conceal  from  myself  nor  from  him  would  be  a 
dangerous  one. 

13.  Comfortable  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  din- 
ing-room. 

14.  Of  the  biblus  which  is  an  annual  plant 
after  taking  it  from  a  marshy  place  where  it 
grows  they  cut  off  the  tops. 

15.  The  man  whom  he  employed  with  a  dis- 
honest view  so  artfully  disposed  one  of  the 
stones  that  two  or  even  one  person  might  remove 
it  from  its  place. 

16.  They  sent  him  five  hundred  miufe  of 
silver,  which  as  soon  as  he  received  with  his  own 
hands  he  threw  among  his  soldiers. 

17.  Tlie  sturdy  blackamoor  had  to  be  put 
into  the  vehicle  which  was  to  convey  him  to  the 
station  almost  b}'  force. 

18.  Campbell's  "  Pleasures  of  Hope  "  were 
sold  for  fifty  cents. 

19.  A  pillar  sixty  foot  high. 

20.  His  conduct  evinced  the  most  extreme 
vanity. 

21.  These  trees  are  remarkable  tall. 

22.  He  acted  bolder  than  was  expected. 

23.  This  is  he  who  I  gave  the  book  to. 

24.  From  whence  came  they? 

25.  The  army  were  defeated. 

Exercise  14. 

1.  John  told  the  same  story  which  you  did. 

2.  This  is  the  largest  tree  which  I  have  ever 
seen. 

3.  Let  he  and  T  read  the  next  chapter. 

4.  Those  sort  of  dealings  are  unjust. 

5.  David  the  son  of  Jesse  was  the  youngest 
of  his  brothers. 

6.  You  was  very  kind  to  him,  he  said. 


80  DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

7.  This  son's  of  a  prophet's  mantle. 

8.  Many  fresh  and  unhackneyed  pieces  are 
interspersed  with  other  indispensable  favorites. 

9.  Mr.  S.  M.  writes  to  state  that  he  was  not 
the  solicitor  for  the  prosecution  in  the  case  of 
the  man  who  was  sentenced  —  vmjustly  it  is 
held  —  to  three  months'  hard  labor  for  an  alleged 
assault  on  a  blackleg  by  Mr.  Saunders  at  Wor- 
ship Sti'eet. 

10.  The  young  ladies  of  a  place  which  shall  be 
nameless,  as  a  protest  against  chattering  women, 
recently  organized  a  '  Thouglit  Club,'  which  has 
proved  so  successful  that  at  the  very  first  meet- 
ing they  talked  for  five  whole  hours  on  'the 
advantages  of  silent  meditation.' 

11.  If  fresh  milk  does  not  agree  with  a  child, 
boil  it. 

12.  One  or  other  of  the  candidates  were  be- 
fore the  electors  every  night. 

18.  After  many  days  of  arid  desiccation  the 
vaporing  captains  marshalled  tlieir  thundering 
hosts  and  poured  out  upon  scorching  humanity 
and  the  thoroughly  incinerated  vegetation  a 
few  inches  of  (Kjita  pluvialis. 

14.  On  their  return  to  the  Villa  Medicis  they 
kicked  further  over  the  traces ;  so  I\l.  Ilebert 
promulgated  his  edicts,  which  forbade  the  bud- 
ding painters,  sculptors,  and  musicians  to  wan- 
der at  night  around  certain  places  contiguous 
to  the  academical  groves  wherein  they  might 
catch  the  Roman  fever,  to  sit  up  late  in  their 
rooms,  to  refrain  from  employing  certain  objec- 
tionable models,  and  so  on. 

15.  Tlieir  ideas  are  in  some  respects  identical 
with  the  vegetarians. 

16.  The  action  and  tlie  attitude  of  the  hero- 
ine show  what  are  her  feelings  at  this  dread 
moment  rather  than  the  expression  of  her  coun- 
tenance. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  81 

17.  Sound  was  his  claret  and  his  head, 
Warm  was  his  double  ale  and  feelings. 

18.  They  have  been  known  even  to  destroy 
the  monkey. 

19.  The  West,  however,  is  more  prolific  in 
women  barbers  than  the  East,  and  there  used  to 
be  a  pretty  girl  in  Denver  who  manipulated  the 
hirsute  encumbrances  of  the  cowboys  and  burly 
miners  much  to  their  satisfaction. 

20.  All  our  objections  to  a  bonus  of  this  de- 
scription being  classified  as  a  genuine  '  profit- 
sharing  '  scheme  remains  intact. 

21.  I  declare  beforehand  'tis  wrote  only  for 
the  curious  and  inquisitive. 

22.  Anybody's  else  book. 

23.  Well,  said  I,  what  does  thou  think  of  him 
now? 

24.  James  is  one  of  those  boys  that  was  kept 
in  at  school,  for  bad  behavior. 

25.  Thou,  James,  did  deny  the  deed. 

26.  Neither  good  nor  evil  come  of  themselves. 

27.  He  expected  to  have  gained  more  by  the 
bargain. 

28.  You  should  have  drank  goat's  milk. 

29.  It  was  him  who  spoke  first. 

30.  Who  did  you  buy  your  grammar  from  ? 

31.  If  one  takes  a  wrong  method  at  first  set- 
ting out,  it  will  lead  them  astray. 

Exercise  15. 

1.  I  will  make  him  to  know. 

2.  He  need  not  to  wonder. 

3.  The  enemies  who  we  have  most  to  fear 
are  those  of  our  own  hearts. 

4.  Surely  thou  who  reads  so  much  in  the 
Bible,  can  tell  me  what  became  of  Elijah. 

5.  Neither  the  master  nor  the  scholars  is 
readins;. 


DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

6.  In  the  corrupted  currents  of  this  world 
Offence's    gilded    hand    may   shove    by 

justice. 

7.  .  .  .  Bristol  Castle  which  they  say  is  held 
By  Bushy,  Bagot  and  their  complices, 
The  caterpillars  of  the  commonwealth, 
Which  I  have  sworn  to  weed  and  pluck 

away. 

8.  T  bridle  in  my  struggling  muse  with  pain, 
That  longs  to  launch  into  a  bolder  strain. 

9.  This  is  a  mortal  wound  to  the  very  key- 
stone upon  which  the  whole  vast  arch  of  moral- 
ity reposes. 

10.  Straight  the   fierce    storm    involves   his 

mind  anew, 
Flames   through    the   nerves   and    boils 
along  the  veins. 

11.  We  will  burn  all  our  ships  and  with  every 
sail  unfurled  steer  boldly  out  into  the  ocean  of 
freedom. 

12.  The  chariot  of  the  revolution  is  rolling 
along  and  gnashing  its  teeth  as  it  rolls. 

13.  He  is  like  a  drowning  man  clutching  at 
a  straw  and  trying  to  kill  two  birds  with  one 
stone. 

14.  My  slenderer  and  younger  taper  imbibed 
its  borrowed  light  from  the  more  matured  and 
redundant  fountain  of  yours. 

15.  There  was  an  earthquake  which  made 
the  earth  to  tremble. 

16.  He  was  very  much  made  on  at  school. 

17.  Though  he  were  a  son,  yet  learned  he 
obedience  by  the  things  which  he  suffered. 

18.  The  committee  wears  badges. 

19.  Shall  we  stand  here  and  see  those  we  love 
perish  in  this  awful  manner  without  an  effort  ? 

20.  They  felt  that  under  his  banner  only  they 
could  hope  for  victory. 

21.  Slie  only  drank  milk  by  the  advice  of  her 
medical  attendant. 


GBAMMAE   AND  BHETORIC.  83 

22.  Breathe  through  the  nose  only  in  cold 
weather. 

23.  Dr.  A.  remembered  that  he  had  a  salary 
to  receive  and  only  forgot  that  he  had  duties  to 
perform. 

24.  It  was  our  intention  to  present  our  read- 
ers this  month  with  a  woodcut,  but  we  have 
been  compelled  to  hold  it  over  until  our  next 
issue.  There  is  one  consolation  in  this  disap- 
pointment, it  has  yet  to  come. 

25.  The  world  hath  this  reason  at  least  to 
honor  such  characters  as  that  of  Wild. 

26.  It  was  feared  that  the  untimely  death  of 
the  surgeon  to  the  hospital,  occurring  as  it  did 
so  very  shortly  after  its  opening,  and  to  whose 
untiring  energy  the  institution  mainly  owes  its 
existence,  might  seriously  affect  its  future  pros- 
pects and  position. 

27.  His  having  been  with  Lorenzo  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  and  who  had  wished  to  con- 
fess to  him,  raised  him  prodigiously  in  the  opin- 
ion of  all  those  who  had  been  the  admirers  of 
the  prince. 

28.  Such  are  a  few  of  the  many  paradoxes 
one  could  cite  from  his  writings,  and  which  are 
now  before  me. 

Exercise  16. 

1.  A  profusion  of  white  waistcoats  were  to 
be  observed  among  the  male  members  of  the 
choir. 

2.  The  resemblance  in  the  cases  are  so 
remarkable  as  to  give  grounds  .  .  . 

3.  A  comparison  of  the  materials  which 
Defoe  worked  up  into  the  "  Life  and  Adventures 
of  Robinson  Crusoe"  clearly  prove  that  .  .  . 

4.  Jones  with  a  number  of  other  men  were 
engaged  in  the  work. 


4^ 


84  niilLL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

5.  Let  the  British  government  continue  the 
protection  of  last  year,  and  we  will  be  all  right. 

0.  In  a  very  short  time  we  will  probably 
find  ourselves  on  a  new  footing. 

7.  The  time  is  coming  when  we  will  have  to 
dig  deeper  in  search  of  both  coal  and  metallic 
ores. 

8.  The  National  Assembly  dare  not  avenge 
them,  as  they  should  lose  the  favor  of  the  intox- 
icated people. 

9.  Vested  with  a  dignity  which  humanity 
has  never  possessed  in  any  other  person,  this 
aggravation  in  his  case  was  unparalleled. 

10.  A  young  hunter  fell  in  love  with  a  beau- 
tiful girl,  whom  he  sought  for  his  wife,  and  being 
the  pride  of  his  tribe  both  for  swiftness  in  the 
race  and  for  courage  in  war,  his  suit  was  ac- 
cepted by  her  father. 

11.  Being  early  killed,  I  sent  a  party  in 
search  of  his  mangled  body. 

12.  Entering  the  factory  gate,  the  evidence 
offered  his  visual  organs  might  lead  .  .  . 

13.  I  have  been  to  London  after  having  lived 
at  France. 

14.  We  touched  in  (iueenstown  on  our  way 
for  New  York. 

15.  Yon  have  bestowed  your  favors  to  the 
most  deserving  persons. 

16.  The  English  were  very  different  then  to 
what  they  are  now. 

17.  We  were  altogether  averse  from  the  pro- 
posal. 

18.  We  profit  from  our  experience. 

19.  Jack  has  no  resemblance  with  his  brother. 

20.  By  filling  out  and  returning  this  card, 
we  will  give  you  the  desired  information. 

21.  He  was  poisoned,  languishing  in  great 
pain  and  suffering  until  the  1 1th  day  of  August, 
and  then  died. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  85 

22.  The  rain  came  down  and  continued  dur- 
ing the  time  the  cyclists  had  their  competition, 
clearing  off  about  half-past  twelve,  and  continu- 
ing fine  the  remainder  of  the  day. 

23.  AVe  sell  bicycles  and  tricycles  fitted  with 
the  most  modern  improvements  and  well-known 
manufacture. 

24.  We  have  frequently  had  occasion  to 
notice  his  vocal  performances  and  congratulate 
him  upon  his  appointment. 

25.  He  stepped  to  the  stone  basin  in  which 
the  waters  of  the  fountain,  as  they  fell,  formed 
bubbles  which  danced  in  the  white  moonlight, 
and  took  so  long  a  draught  as  if  he  meant  to 
exhaust  the  spring. 

20.  One  victoi'y  by  land  or  sea  turns  the 
scale,  and  the  Northern  Powers  who  have  more 
reason  to  hate  France  than  England  will  join  us. 

Exercise  1 7. 

1.  Our  climate  is  mild  and  somewhat  moist, 
and  except  when  covered  by  snow,  always  pi-e- 
sents  a  green  surface. 

2.  The  call  for  the  exhilarating  beverage 
becomes  fainter  as  summer  wanes,  and  at  the 
present  season  of  the  year,  with  the  wintry  wind 
blowing  and  the  rain  falling,  could  be  in  no 
demand  at  all. 

3.  I  can  recall  some  of  my  own  verses  writ- 
ten under  similar  circumstance  with  twinges  of 
shame. 

4.  These  revolutions  extended  only  to  a 
change  of  persons,  but  not  of  principles. 

5.  The  Polish  artillery  consisted  only  of 
twelve  pieces. 

6.  They  ride  faster  than  us. 

7.  Tiiough  the  measure  be  mysterious,  it  is 
worthy  of  attention. 


86  BBILL    BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

8.  Attention  to  details  is  not  more  essential 
to  tl)e  strength  than  to  the  beauty  of  the 
building. 

9.  Every  composition  is  fairly  liable  to  crit- 
icism both  in  regard  to  its  design  and  to  its 
execution. 

10.  These  not  only  enable  him  to  bear  emo- 
tion with  impunity  but  to  prolong  its  duration 
with  enjoyment. 

11.  Homer  was  not  only  the  maker  of  a 
na,tion  but  of  a  language  and  a  religion. 

12.  The  laws  are  for  the  government  not  only 
of  those  who  are  to  obey  them  but  for  those 
who  make  them. 

13.  In  these  times  one  can  neither  speak  of 
kings  or  queens  without  suspicion  of  politics  or 
personalities. 

14.  He  was  accustomed  to  a  land  at  home 
where  every  height  might  prove  a  cathedral 
tower. 

15.  He  has  visited  several  countries  as  a  pub- 
lic minister  where  he  formerly  wandered  as  a 
gipsy. 

IG.  We  do  those  things  frequently  which  we 
repent  of  afterwards. 

17.  He  said  he  had  seen  a  hand  pass  through 
the  floor  of  the  suinmer-house  which  he  believed 
to  be  Dr.  Brown's  by  the  rings  on  it. 

18.  Guilt  is  more  likely  to  meet  with  indul- 
gence than  misfortunes. 

19.  Few  people  learn  anything  that  is  worth 
learning  easily. 

20.  Mr.  Carlyle  has  taught  us  that  silence  is 
golden  in  thirty  volumes. 

21.  A  father  who  brought  his  boy  to  the 
police  court  complained  that  he  got  up  and  ran 
away  before  he  was  out  of  bod. 

22.  The  nation  rejoice  when  its  fleet  is  victo- 
rious. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  87 

23.  The  mob  are  dispersed  by  the  police;  it 
scatters  in  all  directions. 

24.  The   crowd   were    on    the   whole   well 
behaved,  but  a  few  persons  in  it  were  disorderly. 

Exercise   18. 

1.  Yourself  and  many  others  were  discon- 
tented. 

2.  After  parting  from  Jones,  we  again  met 
himself  and  his  sister. 

3.  A  short  time  ago  a  letter  from  myself 
appeared  in  your  valuable  journal. 

4.  George  and   myself   spent   a   month    at 
Brighton. 

5.  My  brother  and  myself  had  a  beautiful 
walk. 

6.  I  learned  much  from  the  master's  exam- 
ple who  was  very  kind  to  me. 

7.  He    married    Fred's    sister  "who   is   my 
brother. 

8.  We  suspected  his  sincerity  who  always 
flattered  us. 

9.  We  were  interested  in  the  people's  em- 
ployment who  work  in  the  pit. 

10.  He  was  brought  up  under  her  own  eye 
by  a  tutor  of  deep  erudition  but  who  was  totally 
unfitted  for  forming  the  mind. 

11.  James  or  I  am  willing  to  help  you. 

12.  Neither  the  general  nor  the  soldiers 
were  confident  of  victory. 

13.  Neither  we  nor  John  was  late. 

14.  I  or  he  am  in  the  wrong. 

1.5.  Either  the  prior  or  thou  has  made  some 
singular  alterations. 

16.  Nothing  which  either  he  or  you  has 
said  bears  on  the  question. 

17.  "  The  Canterbury  Tales  "  are  a  collection 
of  poems  by  Chaucer. 


DRILL   BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

IS.  Dryden's  ''Absalom  and  Achitophel"  were 
directed  against  the  enemies  of  the  court. 

19.  "The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona"  were 
written  by  Shakespeare. 

20.  Was  3'our  son  called  Judas,  the  sordid 
and  treacherous  idea  so  inseparable  from  the 
name  would  have  accompanied  him  through  life 
like  his  shadow. 

21.  If  he  do  feel  sorry  he  will  show  it  in  his 
actions. 

22.  No  one  should  travel  in  that  country 
unless  he  be  prepared  for  dirt  and  discomfort. 

23.  Was  I  in  your  place  I  would  act  differ- 
ently. 

24.  Tell  him  to  be  careful  lest  he  breaks  the 
rules. 

25.  I  am  able  to  devote  as  much  time  and 
attention  to  other  subjects  as  I  will  be  under 
the  necessity  of  doing  next  winter. 

26.  Compel  me  to  retire  and  I  should  be 
fallen  indeed ;  I  would  feel  myself  blighted 
in  the  eyes  of  all  my  acquaintance ;  I  would 
never  more  lift  up  my  face  in  society ;  I  would 
bury  myself  in  the  oblivion  of  shame  and  soli- 
tude ;  I  would  hide  me  from  the  world  ;  I  would 
be  overpowered  by  the  feelings  of  my  own  dis- 
grace ;  the  torments  of  self-reflection  would  pur- 
sue me. 

27.  He  rose  the  stone  four  feet. 

28.  The  middle  station  of  life  seems  to  be 
the  most  advantageously  situated  for  gaining  of 
wisdom. 

29.  Take  care,  little  children,  lest  the  dog 
bites  you. 

30.  INIy  exercises  are  not  well  wrote,  I  do  not 
hold  my  pen  well. 

31.  Grammar  teaches  us  to  speak  proper. 


GRAMMAR   AND  RHETORIC.  89 


Exercise  19. 


1.    When  I  had  lain  me  down. 


o 


He  passed  into  and  through  the  cloud. 

3.  He  said  some  thief  had  taken  his  hat  and 
ran  away  with  it. 

4.  The  reward  has  already  or  soon  will  be 
paid. 

5.  Their   intentions    might    and    probably 
were  good. 

6.  I  intended   to  have   called  on  you  last 
week. 

7.  Who  would  have  thought  it  possible  to 
have  received  a  reply  from  Australia  so  soon  ? 

8.  He  had  deserved  to  have  been  whipped. 

9.  The  mistress  had  resolved  to  have  taken 
the  servants  with  her. 

10.  It  would  liave  been  better  to  have  waited. 

11.  I  intended  to  have  insisted  on  this. 

12.  It  would  have  been  unkind  to  have 
refused  help  when  it  could  have  been  rendered 
so  easily. 

13.  His  ex2)erience  proved  that  there  was 
many  a  slip  'twixt  the  cup  and  the  lip. 

14.  I  should  thank  you  if  you  would  help  me. 

15.  He  was  so  tired  that  I  was  afraid  he  could 
not  have  walked  to  the  end  of  the  journey. 

16.  Pius  associated  Marcus  to  all  the  labors 
of  government. 

17.  This  hospital  will  be  closed  for  repairs  on 
Saturday,  September  1,  until  Friday,  October  5. 

18.  He  died  after  going  through  a  similar 
operation  as  the  emperor's. 

19.  By  pushing  steadily  nine  hundred  and 
ninety-nine  people  in  a  thousand  will  yield  to 
you. 

20.  We  shall  stay  two  months  at  England. 


90  DRILL    BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

21.  I  would  rather  never  go  in  a*  carriage 
again  as  show  myself  in  the  park  with  that 
frightful  thing. 

22.  1  really  believe  he  would  rather  sit  down 
with  the  tinkers  by  the  roadside  as  spend  a  d,ay 
in  my  company. 

23.  They  preferred  to  spend  the  night  there 
than  bivouac  close  to  the  enemy's  camp. 

24.  Some  still  clung  to  the  prince,  preferring 
proscription  and  even  death  itself  i-ather  than 
desert  him  in  his  extremity. 

25.  Prisoner,  a  bountiful  Providence  has  en- 
dowed you  with  health  and  strength,  instead  of 
which  you  go  about  the  country  stealing  hens. 

26.  As  soon  as  she  was  left  alone  Augusta 
went  back  to  the  cabin,  taking  Dick  with  her, 
and  laid  herself  down  in  tlie  berth  with  a  feeling 
of  safety  and  thankfulness  to  which  she  had  long- 
been  a  stranger,  wliere  very  soou  she  fell  sound 
asleep. 

27.  The  aunts  of  the  bride  made  her  valuable 
presents,  of  which  there  was  a  large  and  costly 
list. 

28.  He  sat  the  chair  down. 

29.  He  rode  over  and  killed  the  dog. 

•30.  His  attention  was  not,  like  Arnold's,  occu- 
pied on  a  variety  of  siibjects,  a  circumstance,  of 
course,  tending  to  diminish  its  inteni^ity  on  any 
one. 

31.  We  have  been  reading  lately  many  of  the 
French  modern  poets,  and  are  much  pleased  with 
some  by  Saint  Beuve. 

32.  That  she  was  a  somnambulist  I  know,  as 
I  have  seen  her  under  its  influence. 

Exercise  20. 

1.    They  don't  frivol  over  speculative  points 
of  abstrusive  philosophy. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  91 

2.  They  have  grown  quite  rampageous. 

3.  She  carries  the  historic  proud  countenance 
of  the  Geraldines  of  her  day  —  aristocratic,  matri- 
cian,  and  fixed. 

4.  It  grieveth  me  to  see  him  misbehave. 

5.  "  And  then,"  quoth  he, "  you  may  return.'" 

6.  It  irks  me  to  see  so  perverse  a  disposition. 

7.  I  wot  not  who  has  done  this  thing. 

8.  Nothing  but  an  oscitancy  from  which  no 
writer  is  exempted  can  account  for  so  odd  a  mis- 
application of  a  familiar  term. 

9.  The  jovial  and  eupeptic  vicar  in  a  very 
nonchalant  manner  confessed  the  crime. 

10.  It  may  be  fine  fun  for  them,  but  the 
exchange  of  Billingsgate  badinage  coram  pub- 
lico by  embryonic  M.P.'s  is  not  conducive  to 
public  decorum. 

LI.  They  knew  little  of  Cortes  who  reasoned 
thus. 

12.  His  genius  is  over  and  above  me. 

13.  No  people  has  more  faults  than  they  that 
pretend  to  have  none. 

14.  She  taught  him  and  I  to  read. 

15.  I  never  remember  to  have  felt  an  event 
more  deeply. 

16.  This  is  the  most  powerful  article  we  ever 
remeiTiber  to  have  read. 

17.  The  committee  disable  him  and  main- 
tains its  right  to  do  so. 

18.  The  nation  enforces  their  laws. 

19.  We  have  a  pretty  cat.  We  like  to  see 
her  playing  with  its  kittens. 

20.  The  shepherd  ran  after  a  sheep  and 
caught  it  just  as  she  was  jumping  over  a  hedge. 

21.  Each  cow  knows  its  own  stall. 

22.  The  hen  is  feeding  its  chicks.  She  calls 
them  around  her  with  a  "  cluck  !  " 

0      23.    The  parrot  is  on  its  perch.    She  is  crying 
"  Pretty  Polly." 


92  DRILL    BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

24.  Tlie  winter  has  not  been  so  severe  as  we 
expected  it  to  have  been. 

25.  A  lampoon,  or  a  satire,  does  not  carry  in 
them  robbery  or  mnrder. 

26.  This  is  a  most  universal  fault. 

27.  He  is  respected  who  deserves  respect. 

28.  I  love  to  work  ever  since  I  was  a  child, 
but  I  like  also  to  have  had  a  little  play. 

29.  lie  will  not  go  thither  in  order  that  he 
might  get  some  food. 

30.  I  wish  he  will  come  at  once. 

31.  I   should  be  obliged  to  him   if  he  will 
gratify  me  in  that  particular. 

32.  Ye  will  not  come  unto  INle  that  ye  might 
have  life. 

33.  I  have  been  in  London  a  year  and  seen 
the  Queen  last  summer. 

Exercise  21. 

1.  The  present  member  and  myself  will  have 
the  pleasure  of  holding  meetings  in  the  various 
parts  of  the  division,  when  we  shall  be  able  more 
fully  to  express  our  views,  and  be  ready  and 
willing  to  answer  any  questions,  and  trust  thereby 
to  secure  your  votes  and  interests. 

2.  If  one  candidate  more  than  another 
deserves  support  it  is  that  of  Mr.  G.  C. 

3.  A  strange  man  had  struck  her  and  then 
ran  away. 

4.  ]My  bachelor  friend  settles  himself  com- 
fortably in  an  armchair,  gives  my  companion  a 
mock-heroic  glance,  closed  his  eyes,  but  never 
for  one  moment  paused  from  caressing  his 
moustache. 

5.  Thetford  Democrats  denounce  the  imbe- 
cile and  savagely  vindictive  sentence  on  Mr.  A.  B., 
M.C.,  and  expresses  its  unanimous  sympathy  for 
his  brave  wife. 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  93 

6.  That  is  an  official  obstruction  as  should 
be  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  public. 

7.  They  were  in  almost  the  exact  form  as 
those  of  the  present  day. 

8.  His  faith  was  as  perfectly  orthodox  as 
St.  Paul  himself. 

9.  The  more  than  14,000  examples  sent  in 
gave  VIS  great  satisfaction,  and  even  those  which 
did  not  secure  a  prize  bore  testimony  to  the 
ability  and  patience  with  which  their  teachers 
had  trained  them. 

10.  In  stature  he  would  be  quite  six  feet,  he 
is  of  strong  build,  and  he  has  a  charming 
presence. 

11.  The  earth  is  about  half  way  between 
Mercury  and  Saturn  in  the  matter  of  density. 
JNIercury  is  of  about  the  specific  gravity  of  iron, 
while  that  of  Saturn  corresponds  with  that  of 
cork  in  the  matter  of  density  and  specific  gravity. 

12.  Him  whom  they  seek  is  in  the  house. 

13.  They  or  he  is  nmch  to  be  blamed. 

14.  Those  set  of  books  was  a  valuable  present. 

15.  We  ought  always  to  have  a  great  regard 
for  them  who  are  wise  and  good. 

16.  Anger  is  troublesome,  not  only  to  those 
who  suffer  it  but  to  them  who  behold  it. 

17.  These  two  paragraphs  are  extremely 
worthy  of  Mr.  Addison,  and  exhibit  a  style 
which  they  who  can  successfully  imitate  may 
esteem  themselves  happy  in  following. 

18.  His  kingdom  was  more  universal  than 
CcBsar's. 

19.  The  regiment  has  formerly  been  famous 
for  its  discipline,  but  this  year  it  was  guilty  of 
ii'regularities. 

20.  Young  said  that  procrastination  was  the 
thief  of  time. 

21.  Who  first  asserted  that  virtue  was  its  own 
reward  ? 


04  DRILL   BOOK   IN   ENGLISH. 

22.  Be  ready  to  succor  such  persous  who  need 
your  help. 

23.  They  had  uo  sooner  risen  but  they  began 
to  work. 

24.  Such  men  that  act  faithlessly  ought  to  be 
shunned. 

25.  He  gained  nothing  more  by  his  speaking 
but  the  praise  of  eloquence. 

26.  I  had  scarcely  addressed  him  than  he 
knew  me. 

27.  Scarcely  had  she  gone  than  she  returned 
again. 

28.  He  then  joined  an  expedition  into  Spain, 
and  by  his  help  placed  Pedro  of  Castile  upon 
the  throne,  against  which  the  French  had 
helped. 

29.  A  very  useful  and  explicit  little  treatise 
upon  a  rule  which  is  often  a  stumbling-block  to 
young  teachers  at  examinations.  Examples  of 
every  type  are  worked  out,  and  numerous  exer- 
cises, with  their  answers. 

30.  Eggs  either  poached  or  fried  are  a  very 
favorite  and  eatable  accompaniment  of  either 
bacon  or  ham.  In  my  own  opinion  the  former 
of  these  two  methods  is  to  be  preferred  in  both 
cases. 

31.  Among  the  merits  of  these  illustrations 
we  place  very  high  the  portraits. 

Exercise  22. 

1.  We  may  go  further  and  say  that  if  any 
teacher  is  anxious  to  find  out  a  means  of  dis- 
pensing with  punishment  in  his  school,  a  patient 
and  careful  study  of  this  book,  which  is  not 
dull  and  which  is  exceedingly  well  printed,  will 
give  him  valuable  help. 

2.  We  oifer  prices  as  low  or  lower  than  any 
co-operative  store. 


GBAMMAB   AND   BHETOBIC.  95 

3.  The  family  of  Glenfern  having  already 
said  so  much  for  themselves  that  it  seems  as  if 
little  remained  to  be  told  by  their  biographer. 

4.  He  is  the  chiefest  of  sinners. 

5.  This  at  least  is  very  probable,  that  some 
of  these  gentlemen  may  contribute  a  share  of 
their  abilities  to  the  carrying  on  this  work ;  in 
which,  as  nothing  shall  ever  appear  in  it  incon- 
sistent with  decency  or  the  religion  and  true 
civil  interest  of  my  country,  no  person,  how  great 
soever,  need  be  ashamed  of  being  imagined  to 
have  a  part. 

6.  His  wealth,  the  influence  of  his  wide 
possessions,  and  the  sway  attendant  on  the  castle 
towers,  as  they  looked  over  the  fertile  acres  of 
the  rich  vale  of  Berkeley  that  had  maintained 
them  for  so  many  centuries  from  the  Severn  to 
the  hills  in  all  their  ancient  feudalism,  and  the 
willingness  of  the  Whig  government  to  barter 
rank  for  support  in  Parliament,  formed  a  strong 
foundation  for  success. 

7.  His  views  are  the  extremest  that  I  have 
heard  expressed. 

8.  I  and  he  went  to  town. 

9.  Let  nothing  induce  you  to  live  in  a  house 
that  never  gets  sunshine  or  a  family  that  never 
worship. 

10.  Ely  is  not  much  better,  though  it  has  the 
advantage  of  the  magnificent  cathedral  within 
view  just  beyond  the  gardens  where  the  plum- 
trees  are  now  blossoming  and  the  sluggish  river 
Ouse  which  bounds  them  and  keeps  them  in 
sustenance. 

11.  In  February  he  left  her  telling  her  he 
had  to  fulfil  an  engagement  and  had  never  since 
returned. 

12.  A  young  lady  of  exquisite  beauty  had 
tried  for  months  to  shake  off  an  importunate 
lover,  who  refused  to  go,  though  she  had  told  him 


96  DRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

repeatedly  that  she  would  not  have  him  at  any 
price,  but  persisted  in  dogging  her  footsteps 
wherever  she  went. 

13.  Is  it  true  that  three  publishers  defy  com- 
petition by  having  each  of  their  subscribers 
photographed  yearly,  and  present  them  with 
twelve  copies  ? 

14.  The  meeting  between  their  royal  high- 
nesses was  most  cordial,  the  duke  expressing 
himself  pained  that  certain  words  which  had 
been  spoken  had  been  much  exaggerated,  and 
unhesitatingly  agreed  to  proceed  at  once  to 
meet  his  nephew  and  niece. 

15.  The  reduction  in  price  is  simply  a  Christ- 
mas present  to  our  friends  and  can  be  had  in 
bottles  only. 

16.  Sir,  —  In  accordance  with  your  instruc- 
tions I  have  seen  Collings  and  Medburn,  and 
asked  them  about  Hicks's  family,  who,  I  am  glad 
to  say,  are  perfectly  ready  to  give  every  infor- 
mation and  help.  Hicks  fell  off  the  scaffolding 
at  A.  Farm  buildings  on  Tuesday  week,  and, 
besides  breaking  his  leg  above  the  knee,  injured 
himself  internally,  and  which  will  keep  him  laid 
up  for  two  months  at  least. 

17.  If  I  know  the  truth  I  would  tell  it  you. 

18.  If  he  received  your  instructions  he  would 
have  obeyed  them. 

19.  Be  virtuous  and  you  would  be  happy. 

20.  lie  walks  as  if  he  is  racing. 

21.  When  I  see  him  again,  T  shall  have  told 
him  many  things  that  happen  since  I  met  him 
last  at  his  own  house. 

22.  I  am  sure  they  have  been  there  and  did 
what  is  required. 

23.  But  official  gentlemen  then  were  even 
more  official  than  they  are  now ;  and  fancying 
that  every  man  in  office  was  a  great  man,  every 
one  out  of  it  a  small  one,  their  especial  contempt 
was  reserved  for  a  public  writer. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  97 

24.  This  copy  is  now  in  my  possession,  hav- 
ing purchased  it  at  the  sale  of  his  grace's  library, 
and  I  need  not  add  that  I  esteem  it  as  one  of  my 
greatest  literary  treasures. 

25.  Looking  back,  the  happiness  of  my  young 
life  is  associated  with  her ;  looking  forward,  I 
have  comfort  and  satisfaction  in  the  hope  of 
rejoining  dear  grandmamma. 

26.  When  preparing  for  his  examinations,  I 
had  sometimes  to  rise  from  my  own  bed  to  urge 
him  to  retire  to  his. 

27.  I  and  you  have  refused. 

Exercise  23. 

1.  He  and  you  are  at  fault. 

2.  AVhom  did  you  speak  of  V 

3.  Neither  were  conscious  of  the  nature  of 
that  sentiment. 

4.  The  lack  of  beauty,  fashion,  and  elegance 
disappoint  the  stranger. 

5.  Neither  Beauty  nor  her  mistress  were  to 
be  taken  in. 

6.  Neither  of  the  preceptresses  were  better 
skilled. 

7.  The  works  of  Flavius  Josephus,  to  which 
is  added  three  dissertations. 

8.  He  did  not  know  where  I  or  the  girl  were. 

9.  Honesty  of  purpose  is  the  only  power  that 
ever  has  or  ever  will  sustain  a  man  in  such  a 
situation. 

10.  Dishonesty  never  has  and  never  can  be  a 
satisfactory  substitute. 

11.  I  wrote  home  last  week  ;  my  brother  also 
has. 

12.  What  are  you  thinking  of  ? 

13.  In  all  my  travels  I  never  met  but  one 
Scotchman  but  what  was  a  man  of  sense ;  I 
believe,  indeed,  everybody  of  that  country  that 
has  any  leaves  it  as  fast  as  they  can. 


98  DBILL   BOOK  IN   EXGLISH. 

14.  The  friendless  state  which  lie  said  he  was 
in,  and  that  he  wished  to  die,  made  Rosalind 
think  that  he  was  like  herself  unfortunate. 

15.  He  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
child  had  tumbled  into  the  water  and  was 
drowned. 

16.  I  conceive  that  by  scratching  it  and  tear- 
ing it  the  soot  gets  in  and  creates  the  irritability, 
which  disease  we  know  by  the  name  of  the 
chimne^'-sweeper's  cancer,  and  is  always  lectured 
upon  separately  as  a  distinct  disease. 

17.  There  they  found  themselves  in  the  same 
distress  for  want  of  food  that  Ganymede  and 
Aliena  had  been. 

18.  I  married  the  girl  I  loved,  a  respectable 
housemaid,  and  the  daughter  of  a  laborer. 

19.  There  are  three  crops,  one  in  April,  May, 
August. 

20.  J.  D.  and  J.  T.  were  charged  wdth  steal- 
ing  a  watch  from  the   person  of   J.  R.  whilst 

asleep  on  the  highway  near  Llanelly. 

21.  He  has  never  and  cannot  deny  the  allega- 
tions. 

22.  The  geographical  readers  are  as  a  rule 
good  ;  but  if  drawn  up  more  on  the  lines  of  .  .  .'s 
geography,  this  important  subject  would  be  bet- 
ter handled  than  is  now  the  case. 

23.  Antony  was  not  less  desirous  of  destroy- 
ing the  conspirators  than  his  officers,  but  he 
could  not  brook  that  it  should  be  owing  to 
Caesar. 

24.  If  I  had  wings  they  would  grow  out  of 
my  two  shoulders.  I  suppose,  like  the  angSl  in 
in  the  hymn-book. 

25.  In  stooping  down  to  drink,  the  weight  of 
the  cart  forced  the  mare's  head  first  into  the 
water,  and  before  she  could  be  relieved  was 
drowned. 

26.  Maria  is  not  as  clever  as  her  sister  Ann. 


gbammah  and  rhetoric.  99 

27.  Though  he  promises  ever  so  solemnly,  I 
will  not  believe  him. 

28.  The  full  moon  was  no  sooner  up,  in  all 
its  brightness,  but  he  opened  to  them  the  gate 
of  paradise. 

Exercise  24. 

1.  I  remember  of  reading  his  life. 

2.  They  censured  the  governor's  (as  they 
called  him)  severe  administration. 

3.  He  was  not  willing  to  accept  Captain  G.'s 
(the  chief  mourner)  apology  for  delay. 

4.  James's  company  (my  eldest  brother)  is 
quite  delightful. 

.5.  I  can  affirm  the  accuracy  of  Mr.  Evans's 
(the  rural  dean)  statements  of  our  churches. 

6.  He  found  the  place  replete  with  wonders 
of  which  he  proposed  to  solace  himself  with  the 
contemplation. 

7.  These  are  the  master's  rules  who  must  be 
obeyed . 

8.  Ellen's  (my  eldest  cousin)  portrait  comes 
first. 

9.  France's  (as  we  read)  noblest  chivalry 
fell  on  the  plain. 

10.  They  eagerly  obeyed  the  Protector's  (as 
they  called  him)  imperious  mandates. 

11.  He  learned  to  easily  talk. 

12.  This  is  the  needle  I  sew  with. 

13.  The  Almighty  hath  given  reason  to  a 
man  to  be  a  light  unto  him. 

14.  He  also  is  the  son  [descendant]  of  Abra- 
ham. 

15.  The  king  has  given  him  the  title  of  a 
duke. 

16.  The  fire,  the  earth,  the  air,  and  the  water 
were  called  el'ements. 

17.  He  has  been  blamed  for  paying  a  little 
attention  to  his  duties. 


100  DRILL  BOOK  IN  ENGLISH. 

18.  With  this  booty,  he  made  off  to  a  distant 
part  of  the  country,  where  he  had  reason  to 
believe  that  neither  he  nor  his  master  were 
known. 

19.  I  live  at  Philadelphia. 

20.  I  am  not  ashamed  at  the  eating  apples. 

21.  These  tickets  will  be  good  from  Satur- 
day A.M.  until  Sunday  night,  and  by  paying  a 
small  sum  in  addition,  will  be  good  from  Friday 
afternoon  to  Monday  night,  so  that  those  who 
wish  to  accompany  the  nine  on  the  whole  trip, 
can  use  the  same  tickets. 

22.  Such  extreme  disorder  called  for  little 
severity  in  the  punishment. 

23.  He  was  so  impudent  and  wicked  that  he 
found  a  few  persons  to  speak  for  him. 

24.  He  has  tried  the  old  and  new  method  of 
cure. 

25.  The  chief  priests  and  officers  [not  the 
chief  officers]  saw  him. 

26.  Wanted,  a  nurse  and  housemaid  [two 
servants]. 

27.  He  was  placed  over  the  civil  and  military 
affairs  of  the  nation. 

28.  Novelty  produces  in  the  mind  a  vivid  and 
an  agreeable  emotion. 

29.  A  great  and  a  good  man  looks  beyond 
time. 

30.  We  look  upon  these  as  a  first-fruits. 

31.  The  feat  was,  however,  successfully  and 
most  cleverly  accomplished  some  few  years  ago 
by  Mr.  Gould,  the  eminent  ornithologist,  and  it 
[a  kingfisher's  nest]  is  now  to  be  seen  in  the 
British  Museum. 

!  32.   The  house  was  soon  filled  with  smoke, 

but  Superintendent  K.  with  a  bucket  of  water 
soon  succeeded  in  quenching  it. 

33.    I  once  intended  to  have  written  a  poem. 


GRAMMAR  AND  RHETORIC.  101 


Exercise    25. 

1.  He  tethered  his  steed  to  the  column. 

2.  Quoth  Smith,  I  am  ill. 

3.  He  is  very  disgusted. 

4.  He  is  worse  as  I. 

5.  He  is  somewhere  between  them  all. 

6.  He  smiled  to  thank  her  as  he  took  three 
tiny  little  sips. 

7.  They  humbly  asked  of  Him  in  heaven 
once  more  to  meet  again  their  own  poor  little 
Jim. 

8.  For  this  trifling  consideration  thousands 
of  lives  are  saved  and  their  property  secured  to 
them. 

9.  If  the  Rev.  B.  K.,  a  minister  of  the  gospel 
of  reconciliation,  has  ceased  to  believe  in  "  Over- 
come evil  with  good  "  and  fall  back  to  "  An  eye 
for  an  eye,"  so  be  it. 

10.  I  should  have  put  these  two  together  and 
let  them  fought  it  out. 

11.  Descending  the  western  slope  of  the 
mountain  the  port  of  Ujiji  lay  below  sm-- 
rounded  by  palms. 

12.  Ivord  St.  Aldegonde  who  whether  there 
were  a  fire  or  not  always  stood  with  his  hands 
in  his  pockets  moved  discourteously  among 
them . 

13.  Yet  much  I  marvel  that  I  cannot  find  no 
steps  of  mine  imprinted  in  the  eaith. 

14.  Liverpool  is  an  important  port  whose 
commerce  is  almost  equal  to  all  the  other  ports 
put  together. 

15.  I  hope  that  everybody  will  understand 
my  position  and  extend  their  consideration  to 
me.  . 

16.  Their  conduct  was  more  like  a  wild 
Indian's  than  civilized  people. 


102  BRILL   BOOK  IN   ENGLISH. 

17.  The  stockings  are  much  better  than  last 
year. 

18.  f5  Reward.  —  Whereas  some  person  or 
persons  stabbed  my  donkey  on  the  26th  of  Jan- 
uary, and  well-known  about  the  town,  and  has 
since  died  through  the  wound  inflicted,  I  hereby 
offer  the  above  reward  to  any  person  giving  any 
information  concerning  the  cruel  deed. 

19.  The  procession  was  very  fine  and  nearly 
two  miles  in  length,  as  was  also  the  sermon  of 
the  minister. 

20.  He  called  attention  to  the  number  of 
ownerless  dogs  about  the  streets,  and  urged  that 
the  police  should  liave  instructions  to  destroy 
them,  or  order  dogs  with  owners  to  be  muzzled. 

21.  His  helm  is  bi'oken. 

22.  He  is  very  injured. 

23.  I  am  very  pleased  to  see  you. 

24.  Among  the  two,  I  did  not  know  which 
to  choose. 

25.  I  saw  the  house  where  I  was  born. 


Exercise  26. 

1.  I  am  very  fond  of  the  bananas. 

2.  In  building  of  chaises,  I  tell  ye  what. 

3.  It  commenced  to  rain  just  as  we  started. 

4.  We  halted  occasionally  to  allow  the  in- 
fantry who  had  started  some  hours  previously 
and  which  we  had  soon  overtaken  to  come  up 
with  us. 

5.  It  nmst  be  understood  tliat  the  object  of 
the  department  is  to  cause  the  public  as  nmch 
expense  as  possible  and  to  disturb  the  leisure 
the  female  officers  have  for  chattering  with  one 
another  and  engaging  in  flirtation  with  suitable 
persons  on  the  other  side  of  the  counter  as  little 
as  possible. 

6.  It  is  remarked  that  Mr.  Gladstone  has  in 


GRAMMAR   AND   RHETORIC.  103 

contemplation  a  literary  task  of  some  impor- 
tance. The  leader  of  the  Liberal  party  has  not 
lost  at  four-score  his  keen  interest  either  in  the 
passing  questions  of  the  hour  or  the  remote 
problems  of  antiquity. 

7.  He  was  obliged  to  finish  the  house  begun 
by  his  predecessor  at  an  expense  of  about 
flO,000. 

8.  Country  teachers  know  quite  as  much  if 
not  more  about  teaching  as  their  town  brethren. 

9.  She  was  a  widow  woman. 

10.  They  were  surrounded  on  all  sides. 

11.  The  painting  represents  a  portrait  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

12.  He  bit  me  with  his  teeth. 

13.  The  mead  is  filled  with  flowers. 

14.  The  apples  are  a  useful  fruit. 

15.  The  writing  letters  is  a  difficult  task. 

16.  The  speaker  poured  forth  a  shower  of 
eloquence,  and  wiped  the  perspiration  from  his 
forehead. 


'I"- 


Allyn  <S^  Bacon  .  .  .  Boston. 

Select 
Essays  of  Alacattlay. 

Edited  by 

Samuel  Thitrher. 

i2mo,  cloth,  70  cts. ;  boards,  50  cts. 

This  selection  comprises  the  essays  on  Milton,  Bun- 
yan,  Johnson,  Golclsinitli,  and  Madame  UArblay, 
thus  giving  illustrations  both  of  Macaulay's  earlier 
and  of  his  later  style.  It  aims  to  put  into  the  hands 
of  high  school  pupils  specimens  of  English  prose  that 
shall  be  eminently  interesting  to  read  and  study  in 
class,  and  which  shall  serve  as  models  of  clear  and 
vigorous  writing. 

The  subjects  of  the  essays  are  such  as  to  bring  them 
into  close  relation  with  the  study  of  general  English 
Literature. 

The  annotation  is  intended  to  serve  as  a  guide  and 
stimulus  to  research  rather  than  as  a  substitute  for 
research.  The  notes  therefore  are  few  in  number. 
Only  when  an  allusion  of  Macaulay  is  decidedly  diffi- 
cult to  verify  does  the  editor  give  the  result  of  his 
own  investigations.  In  all  other  cases  he  leads  the 
pupil  to  make  investigation  for  himself,  believing  that 
a  good  method  in  English,  as  in  other  studies,  should 
leave  as  much  free  play  as  possible  to  the  activity  of 
the  learner. 


ijjt ^ 


Thurber's  Addison. 


Select  Essays  of  Addison, 

With  Macaulay^s  Essay  on  Addisoii's 
Life  and  Writings. 


Edited  by 

Samuel  Thurber. 


The  purpose  of  this  selection  is  to  interest  young 
students  in  Addison  as  a  moral  teacher,  a  painter 
of  character,  a  humorist,  and  as  a  writer  of  elegant 
English.  Hence  the  editor  has  aimed  to  bring  to- 
gether such  papers  from  the  Spectator,  the  Tatter, 
the  Guardian,  and  the  Freeholder  as  will  prove 
most  readable  to  youth  of  high-school  age,  and  at 
the  same  time  give  something  like  an  adequate  idea 
of  the  richness  of  Addison's  vein.  The  De  Coverley 
papers  are  of  course  all  included.  Papers  describing 
eighteenth-century  life  and  manners,  especially  such 
as  best  exhibit  the  writer  in  his  mood  of  playful 
satire,  have  been  drawn  upon  as  peculiarly  illus- 
trating the  Addisonian  humor.  The  tales  and  alle- 
gories, as  well  as  the  graver  moralizings,  have  due 
representation,  and  the  beautiful  hymns  are  all  given. 

By  omission  of  the  least  essential  parts  of  the 
selected  papers  it  has  been  possible  to  print,  in  226 
pages,  seventy  choice  specimens  of  the  writings  of 
Addison,  including  sufficient  representatives  of  the 
work  of  his  co-laborers,  Steele  and  Budgell.  Pas- 
sages lacking  in  refinement  of  language  according 
to  modern  standards  have  been  carefully  omitted. 

Trusting  to  his  own  experience  as  a  teacher,  the 
editor  has  deemed  it  wise  somewhat  to  shorten  the 
essay  of  Macaulay.  This  he  has  effected  by  the  omis- 
sion of  passages  somewhat  episodic  or  discursive  in 
their  character,  in  which  the  essayist  displays  his  his- 
torical erudition,  but  in  which  he  cannot  profitably  be 
followed  by  immature  readers. 


^^- 


-^ 


*i*- 


Keeler's  English   Composition. 

Studies  in  ^^ 

English  """''''^  ^-  ^'''^'''• 

Composition.       i2mo.    Pnce,  so  cents. 


This  book  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  author's  expe- 
rience as  teacher  of  composition  in  the  Cleveland 
high  school  during  the  past  ten  years,  and  the  lessons 
which  it  contains  have  all  borne  the  actual  test  of  the 
class-room.  It  is  intended  to  meet  the  wants  of  those 
schools  which  have  composition  as  a  weekly  exercise 
in  their  course  of  study.  It  contains  an  orderly  suc- 
cession of  topics  adapted  to  the  age  and  development 
of  high  school  pupils,  together  with  such  lessons  in 
language  and  rhetoric  as  are  of  constant  application 
in  class  exercises. 

The  author  believes  that  too  much  attention  can- 
not be  given  to  supplying  young  writers  with  good 
models.  They  not  only  indicate  to  the  pupil  what  is 
expected  and  serve  as  an  ideal  toward  which  to  work, 
but  they  stimulate  and  encourage  the  learner  in  his 
first  eiTorts.  For  this  reason  numerous  examples  of 
good  writing  have  been  given,  and  many  more  have 
been  suggested. 

The  primal  idea  of  the  book  is  that  the  pupil  learns 
to  write  by  writing.  And  therefore  that  it  is  of  more 
importance  to  get  him  to  write  than  to  prevent  his 
making  mistakes  in  writing.  Consequently  the  pupil 
is  set  to  writing  at  the  very  outset,  the  idea  of  pro- 
ducing something  is  kept  constantly  uppermost,  and 
the  function  of  criticism  is  reserved  until  after  some- 
thing has  been  done  which  may  be  criticised.  The 
book  is  an  attempt  to  teach  the  art  of  composition, 
rather  than  to  present  a  manual  of  criticism,  and  it 
undertakes  to  develop  the  constructive  rather  than 
the  critical  faculties. 


*- 


f 


3  1158  00539  2690 


/  'A/ 


illiii-" 


>3^^ 


^.^'' 


"^m 


